Ethics And Values

Morals And Values Moral situation The moral situation I will examine will be founded on some reality of an occasion that happened when I was a help specialist five years back in a psychological wellness trust association. The patient will be alluded to as young lady ‘A and individuals from the multidisciplinary group will be alluded to as experts. An exceptionally concise depiction of the young ladies emotional well-being ailment was schizophrenia this can affect a people mind so that they can hear voices and send smells that are not genuine to the natural eye. Different highlights can incorporate hallucinating considerations this is the place the individual can accept that specific circumstances and conditions have happened to them and it is extremely obvious to the individual on the opposite it can cause an individual to feel that others don't trust them (CAMHS, 2002). The moral quandary Young lady ‘A was 15 years old, when she was separated under the 1983 Mental Health Act segment 2. Young lady ‘A got a letter from a companion at home. This letter uncovered that her companion had been assaulted from young lady ‘As moms beau. Young lady ‘A had before this letter unveiled to the nursing group that she herself had been assaulted from her moms beau. She chose not to make a move inspired by a paranoid fear of losing the relationship she had as of late developed with her mom. As of now the young lady needed her mom to never get some answers concerning the divulgence of this assault trial. The companion told young lady ‘A that this circumstance was going to court. Now young lady ‘A concluded the time had come to put conclusion on her own assault difficulty and along these lines needed to go to court and proclaim her own assault trial. The moral difficulty is should the young lady called go to court or not? Reference Reading from Leathard, A. McLaren. (2007) Ethics contemporary difficulties in wellbeing and social consideration. The Policy Press: UK. There are three additional methodologies which regularly strife with numerous moral issues they are deontology, conceptualism and goodness morals (Leathard McLaren, 2007). It approaches can offer headings to moral predicaments. Consequentialism - likewise alluded to as utiliarism found by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. The points of this methodology are think about the outcomes of making a specific type of move (in the same place). All territories of a moral predicament utilizing this methodology would be given equivalent weight while thinking about the result (in the same place). In social insurance this methodology can be believed to be utilized while considering choices that should be made about the assignment of assets (on the same page). Individual Values my own qualities You will depict your qualities yet there is no right/wrong response to this. It is fundamentally how you introduced your predicament to the ethic bunch |Julie. How does my own insight, culture, and beneficial experience influence this quandary for you? emotions What esteems are in struggle and how has this caused you to feel? What were your feelings of trepidation? Given comparable conditions with someone else would the result be the equivalent? how do these effect on the inquiries you posed resp. to me as an individual Procedure How and for what reason am I settling on a decision I am making i.e., what did I think, feel, and what did I do or not do? How was my dynamic emotional by what variables of enactment, gauges, arrangements and hierarchical strategies/systems and qualities? What different assets would be useful to me in settling on the choices about the situation? Continue utilizing reflection I think this part Julie is the place you have started to portrayed the diverse moral methodologies. Deontology deon implies obligation and ology is the science, this methodology was found by Kantian. The points of this methodology doesn't consider the outcomes rather it follows up on what is ethically right, specifically deontologists reward the circumstance or customer with deference for uniqueness which is its most noteworthy significance. This methodology would not favor of lying to a customer regardless of whether it was in the wellbeing. Any choice is made utilizing deontology would need to be founded on reality. Obligation based hypotheses which would permit the specialist and the customer to demonstrations of the best result which would maintain a strategic distance from hurt. This methodology perceives self-governance, trust and the value of arrangements (in the same place). Excellence got from Aristotelian philosophies. Thomas Aquinas (1990) characterizes ideals morals isn't just information yet additionally the methodology taken to give coordination utilizing this information to a moral problem circumstance, a territory of â€Å"manifestation of moral expert behaviour† (on the same page: 71). Prudence morals depict a people character convictions and qualities quality is in activities that they accept are ethically solid. Beauchamp and Childress (1989) depict four moral rules that ought to be viewed as when managing any moral situation they are: advantage, non-wrathfulness, self-sufficiency and equity (in the same place: 72). Anyway these four moral standards on occasion can strife in this way basic judgment is required while picking a specific technique to take. These four moral standards they can give a structure to help the worker(s)/client(s) circumstance by enabling the reasoning procedure, this assists with the choice procedure of the moral problem (in the same place). In idealistic expert must consider the various perspectives by perceiving the potential clashes that can occur between these four moral standards. It is in this way suggested a professional makes basic decisions with regards to which approach would be increasingly proper to the moral problem. â€Å"Gardiner (2003) remarks that the ethical specialist is driven by profound want to act well and that this methodology has an adaptabil ity that can support imaginative arrangements while recognizing that there will frequently be components of torment or regret† (on the same page: 76). So from the moral predicament if helpfulness was applied the patients wellbeing and wishes and emotions would have been viewed as utilizing this methodology. In spite of the fact that, it could seem unsafe to the patient, if the sole perspectives on her circumstance were considered on the grounds that this could have adversy affected the eventual benefits of the patient. Non-wrathfulness applying this way to deal with the moral predicament could show how the expert has shielded the patient from real or expected damage; this is especially fruitful when the specialist assesses his/her insight and aptitudes practically guaranteeing any type of mediation is taken inside their expert limit. Anyway should the laborer feel there could be constraints then they should look for and share this data with the group of experts thinking about the young lady? This specific methodology may have been applied from help specialist/essential consideration laborers perspective this is on the grounds that non-perniciousness offers the help laborer/essential consideration laborer with more subtleties from the customers point of view of the circumstance while; an expert may possibly work with the young lady on if hardly any events. Accordingly the ramifications of the help laborer/essential consideration specialist not imparting data to different experts can make extraordina ry damage the patient. In the event that the help specialist/essential consideration laborer prompts the patient â€Å"there is nothing more I can do† then this will be unsafe and unhelpful to the patient (on the same page: 74). Self-governance the rule of self-rule and effect on revelation and privacy. Anyway a patient has an option to data about their condition and their circumstance, the patients sees convictions and qualities ought to be regarded. Albeit, lawfully the young lady in the moral situation was segmented under the 1983 psychological wellness act segment 2 and subsequently their grounds an expert must take with respect to a suitable choice this can strife the patients wellbeing/wishes and sentiments. Utilizing the moral quandary in this example shows when â€Å"beneficence or non-evil overruling persistent autonomy† (on the same page: 75). The professional will try to the main obligation to the patient anyway the specialist must adjust this obligation to the patient as to the more extensive dangers and inclusion of others. Gillon (2003), independence is a part of the other three moral standards and self-rule should take need with deference for the patient (on the same page). Equity and value â€Å"The Aristotelian standards propose that I believe framework ought to guarantee equivalent and ought to be dealt with similarly and unequals unequally† (in the same place: 77). Considering equity and value to the moral issue the patient may feel the choice to not go to court un-reasonable. Anyway the professional ought to convey an Albanys about the measures that was utilized to settle on the choices they made about this moral predicament. The standards of equity and value can take into consideration choices to be made and dispersed by the patients need, benefits, limit or rights. In this circumstance a specialist may help the patient to remember her privileges in regard to a grumblings technique (in the same place). ISSUES Force/polices What are the privileges of the youngster? What rights as an individual? Are there any rights regarding looking for conclusion? All your doing here is noting and indicating Why and what arrangements might be utilized with this situation. Julie notes for power each youngster matters is a Green paper that was distributed in 2003 by the administration as a reaction to the demise of Victoria Climbie. In 2000 for the childrens demonstration became law from an exhaustive discussion procedure and it is this enactment that supports the legalities of Every Child Matters, by guaranteeing five fundamental results are followed while guaranteeing the wellbeing, security and prosperity of youngsters from birth to 19 years. The five results are being solid, remaining safe, getting a charge out of and accomplishing, making a positive commitment and accomplishing monetary prosperity (Every Child Matters, 2003 Cited in http://www.dcsf.gov.uk/everychildmatters/about/on 20/10/09 @ 13:05). RESP.OF ORG. What is the associations perspective? Ie NHS, CAMHS for what reason do they use them what are the estimations of these princi

Shaken Baby Syndrome Essay Example for Free

Shaken Baby Syndrome Essay 1.Explain the various types of youngster misuse? Incorporate Shaken Baby Syndrome in your reaction. The four unique types of youngster misuse are physical, passionate, sexual maltreatment, and disregard. Physical maltreatment is savagery that is coordinated toward a youngster or an immature by a parent, grown-up, or watchman. Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS) is a much increasingly serious type of physical maltreatment that can be hazardous if not destructive. Shaken Baby Syndrome is the point at which an infant or a little kid is shaken in such a fierce way, that there is harm to their bones, organs, cerebrum, or even enough harm to cause demise. Psychological mistreatment is the point at which a youngster feels useless or dismissed to the demonstrations of another grown-up or gatekeeper yet isn't truly hurt. Sexual maltreatment is the point at which somebody is explicitly express towards a kid, shows a kid erotic entertainment, or if a person’s private parts are presented to a kid. Disregard is the point at which a parent is careless to a kid. This is the point at which the parent doesn’t put their youngster in school, doesn’t feel, dress, or clean a kid, or to neglect to think about their child’s needs. 2.What kinds of physical consideration should a parent accommodate a newborn child youngster? For a newborn child kid, a parent must give ALL of their child’s physical needs, for example, being washed, changing their diapers, dressing and taking care of their youngster, and so forth. 3.What are a few systems for helping a kid adapt to pressure? A few methodologies for helping a kid adapt to pressure are to speak with the kid, realizing what makes the worry for the youngster and assist them with making sense of approaches to adapt to what makes the pressure, make a steady and liberated from viciousness home condition for the kid, and to not take your dissatisfactions out on your kid.

Everything You Need to Know About Narrative Voice Techniques

Everything You Need to Know About Narrative Voice Techniques The narrative voice, or as it is more commonly known, the point of view (POV), is an essential element in storytelling, as it determines the character with whom the audience will sympathize. It also informs them of the narrators perspective and is essential in shaping their understanding of the storys events.It allows the reader to view everything from the stance of a character and/or narrator, including their feelings and experiences. The narrative voice is an essential element of the telling as it allows the reader to relate to the character telling the story and understand the motivations and desires of other characters, as well.Think of POV like a pair of glasses that you give your audience. In order for them to see what youre seeing clearly, and in the best possible way to experience it, you need to give them the best pair of lenses to do that. Those lenses are the different types of narrative voice.This post will delve into how to identify different types of narrative voice and which pair of lenses would best suit a particular piece of writing.Photo by Valentin Salja on UnsplashFirst PersonIn first person point of view, the story is being told from the perspective of the narrator.Pronouns:I/ weme/ usmy/ ourThis narrative style is one of the most common POVs in fiction. All events in the story are filtered through the eyes of the narrator and the readers experience the story or account from their perspective. Therefore, it is the type of narrative voice that is able to immediately connect with the audience yet is limited to one perspective and is biased by default.Best suited for:Autobiographies (fiction and non-fiction) or personal accountsExamples:Charles Dickens David Copperfield, J.D. Salingers Catcher in the Rye, and F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby.Siobhan said that I should write something I would want to read myself. Mostly I read books about science and maths. I do not like proper novels. In proper novels people say things like, I am veined w ith iron, with silver and with streaks of common mud. I cannot contract into the firm fist which those clench who do not depend on stimulus. What does this mean? I do not know. Nor does Father. Nor do Siobhan or Mr Jeavons. I have asked them.From The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time by Mark HaddonSecond PersonIn second person point of view, the story is being told from the perspective of the audience.Pronouns:youyourThe second person narrative is less frequently used than the first or the third. In this type of perspective, the story is told as though the reader is the character telling the story. Thus, the audience becomes the driving force of the story, immersed into the action instantly. Second person point of view gives the writer a shot at being different in that the tone surprises the reader, and gives them a more personal way of experiencing the story. It is the most difficult to execute among all the types of narratives, but it can be done.Uses:Most commonly use d in instructional writing, such as recipes and manuals, or any writing requiring a step-by-step procedure; novels.Examples:Italo Calvinos If on a Winters Night, a Traveler, Edward Packards Choose Your Own Adventure series, Jay McInerneys Bright Lights, Big City and Lorrie Moores Self-Help.Your mother has encountered this condition many times, or conditions like it anyway. So maybe she doesnt think youre going to die. Then again, maybe she does. Maybe she fears it. Everyone is going to die, and when a mother like yours sees in a third-born child like you the pain that makes you whimper under her cot the way you do, maybe she feels your death push forward a few decades, take off its dark, dusty headscarf, and settle with open-haired familiarity and a lascivious smile into this, the single mud-walled room she shares with all of her surviving offspring.From How to Get Filthy Rich in Rising Asia by Mohsin HaminThird PersonIn third person point of view, the story is being told from outsi de a single characters perspective.Pronouns:she/heher/histhey/itThe third person narrative is perhaps the most commonly used perspective. It used when the narrator is not a character in the story and is therefore, on the outside looking in. It offers the audience some distance from the characters of the story. It has three sub-types, which I will cover below.Best suited for:Novels and historical documentation.Third Person LimitedWhen the narrator only knows what the characters know and only follows a single perspective at a time and thus, has limited knowledge of the events. It is similar to the first person narrative as it is restricted to the knowledge, perspective and experiences of a singular character.Examples:J.K. Rowlings Harry Potterseries, George Orwells 1984 and George R.R. Martins A Storm of Swords.The American and the girl with him sat at a table in the shade, outside the building. It was very hot and the express from Barcelona would come in forty minutes. It stopped at this junction for two minutes and went to Madrid.From Hills Like White Elephants by HemingwayThird Person Multiple (Multiple Perspective/Multi-Narrative)According to Donald Maass, Multiple viewpoints provide diversion from, and contrast to, the protagonists perspective. They can deepen conflict, enlarge a storys scope and add to a novel the rich texture of real life… Our lives intersect, collide and overlap. Subplots lend the same sense of connectivity to a novel. They remind us of our mutual need, our inescapable conflicts and our intertwined destinies.This type of narrative voice allows the narrator to follow several characters in the story, switch between them and recount the story from different viewpoints. This style is tricky, as it can confuse the audience easily. But it is possible, as long as:Each change in POV is clear (the writer can use section or chapter breaks).There is an inherent thematic reason in the change (for example, in Virginia Woolfs To the Lighthouse, Wool f uses multiple perspectives to emphasize themes of expectation and judgment between sexes).The change should serve to move the story forward. These shifts in perspective are considered subplots and are therefore crucial to the intrinsic nature of the story. The change must reveal an important aspect of the plot or the main characters significant enough in progressing the story.Photo by Clem Onojeghuo on UnsplashIf you feel that you should write in multiple POVs, a few important questions to ask are:Is it necessary to tell a story that really must be presented in the eyes of multiple characters?If so, why?How many stories are you trying to tell?How are they all linked together or how do they all intersect in order to unify the overarching story arc as a whole?This article gives great advice for writing in multiple POVs, which is still considered a limited perspective, as the narrator is not all-knowing and is confined by the characters he/she follows.ExamplesA brilliant one is the h istorical method, which is used by historians to verify and form historical narratives about accounts in the past by using primary sources and evidence such as archeological artifacts. Historians follow multiple accounts in order to prove and confirm the occurrence of an event.Other examplesGeorge R.R. Martins A Song of Fire and Ice series, Paolo Coelhos The Witch of Portobello, Roberto Bolanos 2666, and Vladimir Nabokovs Pale Fire.Third Person OmniscientIn this point of view, the narrator is all-knowing and is unbound by the limited perspectives of the characters. The narrator knows the goals, motivations, intentions, back stories, inner thoughts and emotions of everyone in the story, and therefore, becomes god-like. The narrator is able to provide a precise and intuitive telling with an interconnected knowledge of all the events.ExamplesGabriel García Marquez One Hundred Years of Solitude, Douglas Adams Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy, and Leo Tolstoys Anna Karenina.Elizabeth, ha ving rather expected to affront him, was amazed at his gallantry; but there was a mixture of sweetness and archness in her manner which made it difficult for her to affront anybody; and Darcy had never been so bewitched by any woman as he was by her. He really believed, that were it not for the inferiority of her connections, he should be in some danger.From Pride and Prejudice by Jane AustenSo, which narrative style should you use? There is no correct answer, as long as each character and subplot serves to move the story forward. Every narrative can be told from multiple standpoints. Making the decisions concerning how many stories are being told, how many characters are necessary for the telling, and how they all intertwine to unify the world of the story is one of the great tests of a writers creativity.Ultimately, the writers tasks are to think about the limitations of each perspective, determine which feels most natural to the story, take cues from the POVs of different works, and focus on the intention of the story in order to assess which narrative style would suit the telling best.

The President Of The United States - 1365 Words

The President of the United States has a very important, and no doubt, stressful job. Yet not a king, the President carries multiple job titles which include, but not limited to: chief of state, chief executive, chief legislator, and commander in chief. Harry Truman (33rd U.S. President), displayed to the whole world his role as commander in chief, when he made the decision to drop two atomic bombs on Japan, in April of the year 1945. President Truman’s actions and reasons for the bombings showed that he used a utilitarianism view, as the bases of his decision. Teleological ethics (also called consequentialism), is the belief that what is considered right or wrong are determined by the outcome of a decision. Utilitarianism is one†¦show more content†¦Near the end of the year 1941, the Japanese navy made a surprise attack on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor, in Hawaii. This attack claimed many American lives, which caused President Roosevelt and Congress to claim wa r against Japan, making the U.S. enter into the Second World War. President Roosevelt was in office during most of the war, and was re-elected into office in 1944. He dropped his former Vice-President, and chose Harry Truman, a U.S. Senator, to be his Vice-President. Unfortunately, Roosevelt’s health was declining fast, and only a few months after being sworn into office, he passed away. Harry Truman was sworn into office on April 12, 1945. He was left with great important decisions to be made for America, including how to end the war with Japan. And on August 6, 1945 the first ever atomic bomb (Little Boy), a bomb that continuously splits atoms creating a chain of energy, was dropped on Hiroshima, killing over a hundred-thousand Japanese civilians. Another atomic bomb (Fat Man) was dropped on August 9, 1945, over Nagasaki, killing tens of thousands of people. This lead to Japan’s surrender to the U.S., which ended the war. There is an on-going criticism among historians, and the public against President Truman’s decision. Perhaps the most popular claim today is that the bombings were completely unnecessary. Military analysts are among those that believe that Japan was trying to surrender, and that Truman bombed them anyways. Adding to

Essay An Analysis of The Cask of Amontillado - 1264 Words

An Analysis of â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado In â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† Edgar Allan Poe takes us on a journey into the mind of a mad man. The story relates a horrible revenge made even more horrible by the fact that the vengeance is being taken when no real offense had been given. In a short space and with ultimate technical skill, Poe creates a nightmare, guaranteed to give the reader a sleepless night. The plot of the story is a simple one. Montresor tales revenge on his friend Fortunato by luring him into the tunnels under the family estate. There he leads Fortunato into the depths of the catacombs where he buries him alive by walling him into a niche. The story is told in first person from the point of view of Montresor†¦show more content†¦Perhaps Poe is saying that there have always been great crimes that go unsolved. How many undiscovered remains are there in the walls of medieval buildings? In this story the character of Montresor is revealed through his own words. When he reveals he is going to punish Fortunato for merely insulting him, that he has planned the whole act of vengeance, and that he has been playing as being Fortunato’s friend, we know we are dealing with a deranged personality. His character is also revealed with references to his family. It is almost as if Poe has Montresor’s ancestors tell the reader how nicely he fits into the family tree. His legacy from his family motto â€Å"No one attacks me with impunity† and a coat of arms that depicts a serpent whose last wish before death is to poison the foot that crushed it. Does the fruit of ever fall far from the tree? Montresor is as evil as his forebears were. He shows no remorse about what he has done, even in old age. When he says, â€Å"May he rest in peace† at the end of the story, the reader gets the feeling he means, â€Å" I hope you stay there and rot† rathe r than, â€Å"I hope you found joy and peace in heaven.† We don’t really know much about Fortunato: just enough to know that he must not have really known the true heart of his friend. He must not haveShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Cask Of Amontillado 984 Words   |  4 PagesCameron Dickson Period 3 Maude â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† Discussion Questions DUE: Wed., 2/18 Reading Comprehension Why does Montressor hate Fortunato? Does he have the right to punish him? Montressor never said the specific reason for why he hated the man, however he said, â€Å"THE THOUSAND INJURIES of Fortunato I had borne as I best could.† Poe uses this line so that the reader can leave to their own ideas of what would force a man of good nature to kill his own best friend. However, this also leavesRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of The Cask Of Amontillado 1493 Words   |  6 PagesBrooke Womack Literary Analysis Paper Into to Literature: American I Dr. Julia Pond 12 October 2017 The Cask of Amontillado The Cask of Amontillado is a tale of terror written by Edgar Allen Poe. This short story is from the point of view from Montresor’s memory. The setting of this story is in a small unnamed European city, at a local carnival and then at the catacombs under Montresor’s home, around duck. The brief synopsis of this story is about the revenge that the Montresor, the antagonistRead More Analysis of The Cask of Amontillado Essay453 Words   |  2 Pages Analysis of â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† In â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† by Edgar Allen Poe, the dark side of human nature is illustrated through the character of Montresor and his victim, Fortunato. Montresor is a manipulative and vengeful person whom is obsessed with the downfall of Fortunato. Through the acts, words, and the thoughts of Montresor, one is able to see him carry out his plan for revenge. Montresor’s actions lend to his vengeful and manipulative nature. He lures Fortunato into the catacombsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Cask Of Amontillado 1277 Words   |  6 PagesIt is often said that revenge is sweet, but that phrase does not hold to be extremely true throughout The Cask of Amontillado. There are various themes and lessons throughout the story, but there is one theme that seems to be shown more than others. The most prevalent theme is that jealousy can lead to vengeance, and ultimately lead to the downfall, or even death, of a person. This theme is clearly evident through the two main characters, Montresor and Fortunato. 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The reader obtains an exclusive, alarming glance into the peaceful composure of Montresor’s mind. The reader can certainly detect, examine, and identify how Montresor feels and thinks. Readers normally do not get this particular view in other literature. OneRead MoreAnalysis Of The Cask Of Amontillado 1109 Words   |  5 PagesThe first –person narration style of â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† is vital in creating the quality of the story. The story allows one of the main characters in the story Montresor, to tell the story from his point of view which gives t he reader intimate yet disturbing look into the mind story teller thinks and feels which the reader doesn’t normally get from other narrative styles. The narrative style of this story is important because it sets the tone of the story. The reader become more familiarRead MoreAnalysis Of The Cask Of Amontillado 1140 Words   |  5 PagesKawanda Garner Ms. Roesch ENC 1102 29 April 2016 Main Character Narration and Its Effects The first –person narration style of â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† is vital in creating the quality of the story. The story allows one of the main characters in the story Montresor, to tell the story from his point of view which gives the reader intimate yet disturbing look into the mind story teller thinks and feels which the reader doesn’t normally get from other narrative styles. The narrative style of thisRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado Analysis1064 Words   |  5 PagesEdgar Allen Poe’s short story , â€Å" The Cask of Amontillado†, was quite different and very suspicious. This story takes place in the 18th or 19th century which, is noticeable throughout the readings. This story contains a lot of â€Å"outdated† or older terms not frequently used today. Its questioned where the story took place exactly. Why? because â€Å"Amontillado† is a Spanish wine, Fortunato and Luchesi are Italian names, and Montresor is a name from Sco tland. The setting is not to clearly mentioned in theRead MoreCask of Amontillado Imagery Analysis Essay703 Words   |  3 PagesAlyssa Becker â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† Imagery Analysis In â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado,† Edgar Allen Poe uses many examples of imagery, such as the descriptions of the carnival, characters, the walk through the catacombs, and much more throughout the story to build suspense and intrigue for the readers and add to the mystery of Montresor’s underlining actions of the revenge and deception of the foolish Fortunado. By using descriptive words and phrases to help us imagine the characters and setting

Economic Concerns vs. Religious Concerns in the Settling...

During the Colonial period, as settlers trickled in from the Old World, it was only after many years of economic unrest that this became possible. The New World was a prosperous land for change. There, settlers had the freedom to pursue aspirations that were far less tangible in England. One of the most pressing issues that led to the colonization of the New World was the need for more and cheaper products beyond the Mediterranean; this was ultimately the first step in the many ways that the New World created economic prospects for those yearning for a more prosperous future. Economic concerns of the settlers in North America were notably greater than religious concerns during the colonial era, due to the decline in the British economy and†¦show more content†¦The slave trade was also an example of how economy was a more pressing issue. Africans were brought as early as 1617 to support the masses of crops growing throughout the colonies. The slaves helped make up an economic system, where they were paid for by money, and produced crops that were turned into money. When the Royal African Company lost its monopoly, Americans were presented with yet another opportunity to cash in on the slave trade, making the economic system that settlers had built to thrive on, even more complex. While religion did have an effect on the settlers, the economic prospects were what kept much of the settlers in America. And while maintaining a strong, united religious community was important for many colonies, it always came down to whether or not it was possible to uphold a prosperous lifestyle. Economy and religion were the two sole reasons for colonizing America. Religion did play a role in the lives of settlers, but as more and more colonies emerged that permitted religious differences (such as Rhode Island) it seemed the thing that united the colonists together was not the need for a similar belief system, but the need for firm economic foundations that could be built upon. As a result of this, economic concerns far outweighed religious concerns as more and more settlers of different belief systems came to call upon the New World for a new set ofShow MoreRelatedHistory of Social Work18530 Words   |  75 Pages unemployment and poverty. ï‚ · Charity Organization Societies (COS) form in England with an emphasis on detailed investigations. Volunteers recruited to befriend applicants, make individual assessments and correct their problems. ï‚ · Thomas Malthus, British East India Company economist, documents population numbers multiplying faster than production of goods to meet their needs. 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Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesreproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2013, 2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electroni c, mechanical, photocopyingRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pages853333, e-mail: permissions@elsevier.co.uk. 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Inner City Paint Corporation System †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Inner City Paint Corporation System. Answer: Introduction Inner-City Paint Corporation is a firm that produces wall paint and which is situated in Chicago and whose proprietor was Stanley Walsh. It began its operations in a warehouse. The company is facing problems of poor management and disorganized business. The customers lack confidence in the corporation, with poor financial management and high receivables in accounts (Narayana et. al., 2010). Mr. Walsh has been managing the company in a style that has not changed ever since he started the company. His policies on recruiting new employees are not revised and do not seem to work well with the company. This is because the company is facing problems including low productivity due to the lack of motivation to existing employees and at the same time hiring unqualified workers making him lose a chance to enter new markets, and improve on the product and getting more and bigger clients (Burrow Kleindl, 2013). The proprietor Mr. Walsh does not want to spend on hiring an auditor to take care of the finances. Therefore, audit has not been done and the suppliers and taxes have not been remitted due to poor management of finances. The income taxes were left out in the income statement making it hard to calculate the profits. Inner-City Paint Corporation is facing stiff competition from the small companies surrounding it. Glidden and Du-point is a larger company that tends to receive more clients than Inner-City thus Inner-City is losing its potential customers to Glidden (Scarborough, 2014). There are also smaller companies existing in the market giving Inner-City stiff competition. Mr. Walsh did not do a SWOT analysis to assess the environment. Thus, he did not do a strategic plan for the company making it hard for him to cope with the situation of economic slowdown and also the housing market. The inventory and record system was also poor, therefore unable to handle the management of the product and new orders (Open Polytechnic of New Zealand, 2008). Recommendations Mr. Walsh should review his management skills by improving on his management skills or by acquiring a competent manager to manage the company for him. It seems that as the company grows, it is becoming difficult for the Inner-City Corporation to cope with the external and internal environmental changes. The recruitment system should also be reviewed by a qualified human resource specialist to enable Mr. Walsh employ the right people and also learn how to maintain the existing people. The inventory system needs improvement to enable the company handle larger orders. Finances should be handled by an expert so that the financial expert may include the taxes of $38,510 in the income statement which figure was left out. The company should also pay taxes and control the debt because the debt was too high. Inner-City should also invest in more machinery and equipment for more and better products in the future. Mr. Walsh should also look for new markets, look for more orders and get a comput erized system of inventory that will enable him to lessen the errors. References Burrow, J. L., Kleindl, B. (2013).Business Management. Mason, US: Cengage Learning. Narayana, R. P., Appannaiah, H. R., Sathyaprasad, B. G. (2010).Business management: II. Mumbai [India: Himalaya Pub. House. Open Polytechnic of New Zealand. (2008).Business management. Lower Hutt, N.Z: Open Polytechnic of New Zealand. Scarborough, N. (2014).Effective small business management. Pearson.

There Is A Large Problem Threatening The Florida Everglades Increasing

There is a large problem threatening the Florida Everglades increasingly everyday. It's called mercury. This deadly chemical has entered the food chain in an organic form called Methymercury. The Everglades provides plenty of warmth, sunlight, and certain bacteria which combine to form the perfect ingredients for the reaction of inorganic mercury mixing with organic matter to form methymercury. Most scientist agree that the mercury found in the Everglades is brought there via winds and traveling from as far as Europe and Africa. It then travels through the rain and is absorbed by bacteria. This marks the beginning of the food chain problem. The bacteria is consumed by plankton organisms who are then eaten by larger invertebrate animals. These become lunch for even larger organisms such as snails and freshwater shrimp, then farther up the food chain to small fish. These fall victim to such predators as gar, bowfin, warmouth, largemouth bass, and in particular, birds such as kingfishers, egrets and herons who eat almost nothing else. And finally at the top of this chain are common mammals of this environment such as raccoons, panthers, alligators and of course, humans. What are the results of this dangerous intake of mercury? Studies have shown that when consumed in large quantities, mercury can cause brain and nerve damage, seizures, kidney failure, blindness and can also be transferred from pregnant mother to child. Scientists say mercury found in parts of the Everglades, and in some of its animal population, is seven times higher than federal safety limits. A 1995 lab study showed that when Egrets where fed mercury tainted fish they lost their reproductive abilities. However you look at it, mercury is a serious health threat to the Everglades and surrounding communities. Not much seems to be being done to correct this threat. Periodical surveys of fishing areas and warnings against eating certain fish has been issued. In fact, many Everglades fish and all alligators are officially classified too dangerous for humans to eat. Most of them along with some turtles wading birds, raccoons and even some insects suffer mercury burdens far above normal. According to the article Mercury in Their Midst, "The average concentration of methylmercury in a fillet of an Everglades largemouth bass is 1.5 parts per million (ppm), three times what the state's Department of Health calls safe." Some scientist believe there really is nothing we can do about this mercury problem. They say that is quickly becoming a global problem. Unfortunately, this dangerous level of mercury in Everglades life is not common knowledge. You have to search hard for information regarding it. It is probably not something you will see on the ten o'clock news. But it is a problem that must be addressed and one that needs prevention and possibly a solution. As if the disappearing land of the Everglades had not posed a problem enough, now mercury is just one more thing to add to it's list of troubles.

The Blue Bird Essays - Eve, Gwen Stefani, Free Essays, Term Papers

The Blue Bird Essays - Eve, Gwen Stefani, Free Essays, Term Papers The Blue Bird ICED MOCHA Man does it get boring sitting around in your room for hours. Theres just nothing to do at this town thats not a crime. Compton isnt the best place to live but you get used to it after you have lived there your whole life. I miss my dog bubbles, its been only 5 months since bubbles died. Bubbles was a good dog but not the brightest of all dogs. My family and I were just sitting in the living room when all of a sudden Bubbles ran and jumped out of the window and fell 5 stories to his death. I was going through a lot of suffering for that dog. This went on for a long time, then after five minutes I didnt care anymore so I watched some T.V. Well enough of that I wonder what my Mom is doing? Mom, Im bored. Jack you need to find something to do, go out and play with your friends or something. Mom, all the kids my age that live around here are gang members or doing something illegal, I want another pet. Right after I said pet my father Pa Pa Chulo turned around and looked at me. Damn boy you asking for another pet. Heres a thought how about you go out and get some friends. You didnt take good care of your other pet your mother had to do everything for that dumb dog. Pa Pa Chulo Bubbles was not dumb. Then what do you call a dog that jumps out of a window boy. I could see I was not getting anywhere by arguing with my Dad so I thought maybe I Should make a deal with my folks. Mom, Dad let me get a pet and if I not taking good enough care of I have to give it away, Ok? Thats fine with me Jack. Thanks Mom at least someone here is resonible. Pa Pa Chulo turned bright red and just started shacking. This is not good I should probably get out of here before he explodes. I jolted out of the apartment down the five flight of stairs and stopped when I was in the parking lot. I was very tired from this whole ordeal It felt like someone was pushing on my chest. See Im on the chubby side so you cant expect me to run down 5 flights of stairs and be alive. Yes lets go to the Pet Store and see what they have. While I was walking down the street many ideas of animals went through my head. How about a cat, no I had a cat before and they were boring and slept a lot. When we had an earthquake you could tell the cat didnt take it that well, he only slept 22 hours that day. Well how about a dog, I dont think so, I havent had the best of luck with dogs. Here I was at the Compton Pet Store, but when I looked inside there was only cats and dogs. Hey Mister Pet Store guy do you have any animals that are not cats or dogs? Well actually we just got a monkey. Wow a monkey, that sounds like a cool pet but I dont know if that will go by that good with Pa Pa Chulo. It doesnt matter. Sure Ill take him. The man went into the back room and came out with this monkey that didnt even go up to my knees, and was light brown. Hey I think Ill call him Ice Mocha. Mocha come on lets go shopping for you I dont want a naked monkey. Mocha just stared at me and let out a high pitch scream that had my ears ringing. Damn Mocha you crazy, you better stop this screaming stuff now if you want to be able to stay with me. My Dad would make me get rid of you in a second. Ice mocha jumped up on my shoulder and we left the store. Right across the street was a Nike Outlet store for Monkeys. Man Mocha how lucky are we. We bought him some air jordans and a red and black warmup. Man Mocha your looking mad fresh but one thing is missing, hmm, oh yeah

Commercials that Use Spokespeople Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Commercials that Use Spokespeople - Assignment Example The spokesperson in the advertisement is an expert because he claims to be a dentist in the commercial and that he recommends Oral B to his patients.   An expert in dental care is a dentist and when the spokesperson claimed that he as well as the commercial claims that Oral B is more recommended by dentist uses experts in persuading its audience to buy Oral B toothbrush.The spokesperson in the advertisement is an expert because he claims to be a dentist in the commercial and that he recommends Oral B to his patients.   An expert in dental care is a dentist and when the spokesperson claimed that he as well as the commercial claims that Oral B is more recommended by dentist uses experts in persuading its audience to buy Oral B toothbrush.TrustworthinessAd:   Oral BLink: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q_J4Ao6CGiA It is the same product but this time, Oral B did not have a dentist to endorse its product but used a trusted person (Ellen Degeneres) to endorsed its toothbrush.   The advertisement was done through Ellen Degeneres show and through the traditional commercial where Ellen endorses the toothbrush as â€Å"great† and â€Å"feels like being cleaned by a professional dentist†.   She even Simulated toothbrushing or washing her teeth using Oral B in her show and how could people not like it in addition to the fact that the endorser is Ellen Degeneres, one of the most trusted celebrities/show host in America.  LikabilityAd: Tag Heuer Watch

Multilingualism in new york Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Multilingualism in new york - Essay Example If these current trends are not reversed, then the endangered languages are soon going to be extinct within the next century (Welcher). Attempts to prevent the extinction of endangered language have resulted to the formation of the Endangered Language Alliance. Therefore, a student at The City University of New York with basic linguistic fieldwork who wills to take part in documenting the endangered language should join the group and together with the members. The student should also develop an interest in learning those languages that are almost facing extinction. Grenoble & Lindsay (85) asserts that vast knowledge of the endangered language will act as a security incase the language becomes extinct. This will ensure that all facts regarding the language do not disappear all at once. Secondly, the student may visit the speakers of the endangered languages and conduct interviews. While conducting the interviews, the student is expected to make audio tapes and videotapes, as well as make written records of the endangered languages used in informal and informal settings (Davis 76). The translations of the endangered language are also included in the recordings so as to preserve the data in the best appropriate manner to avoid confusion in the future. Analysis of the vocabulary and rules of the endangered language is an initiative that helps significantly preserve the endangered languages. In addition to that, the student should write grammars and dictionaries of these languages that they wish to preserve (Grenoble & Lindsay 45). Working hand in hand with other linguists’, the student should visit neighboring communities within the city of New York to meet speakers who are willing to preserve their language. While visiting the endangered language speakers, the student should offer practical and technical help with language maintenance, teaching and revival. The assistance comes about while working on the grammars and

Different Translation Theories

Different Translation Theories Translation is to render the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text. The translation cannot simply reproduce, or be, the original. The first business of the translator is to translate. There is a body of knowledge about translation which, if applied to solving translation problems, can contribute to a translators training. Everything without exception is translatable. There is no such a thing as a perfect, ideal or correct translation. In a narrow sense, translation theory is concerned with the translation method appropriately used for a certain type of text. In a wide sense, translation theory is the body of knowledge that we have about translation. Translation theory is concerned with minute as well as generalities, and both may be equally important in the context. à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ KEYWORDSà £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ËœTranslation, Theory, Application, Literature Contents Contents II 1 Introduction 1 1.2 The function of translation 1 2 Different Types of Translation Theories 2 3 The Application in Literature Translation 7 4 Implication and Conclusion 11 4.1 Implication 11 4.2Conclusion 12 References 12 Introduction 1.1What the translation is Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. Whereas interpreting undoubtedly antedates writing, translation began only after the appearance of written literature; there exist partial translations of the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh (ca. 2000 BCE) into Southwest Asian languages of the second millennium BCE. Translators always risk inappropriate spill-over of source-language idiom and usage into the target-language translation. On the other hand, spill-overs have imported useful source-language calques and loanwords that have enriched the target languages. Indeed, translators have helped substantially to shape the languages into which they have translated. Due to the demands of business documentation consequent to the Industrial Revolution that began in the mid-18th century, some translation specialties have become formalized, with dedicated schools and professional associations. Because of the laboriousness of translation, since the 1940s engineers have sought to automate translation (machine translation) or to mechanically aid the human translator (computer-assisted translation). The rise of the Internet has fostered a world-wide market for translation services and has facilitated language localization. 1.2 The function of translation (1) Translation is a means of communication; (2) Translation is instrumental in transmitting culture; (3) Translation is also a transmitter of the truth; (4) Translation is a technique for learning foreign languages. 1.3 What a translation theory does is (1) to identify and define a translation problem (2) to indicate all the factors that have to be taken into account in solving the problem (3) to list all the possible translation procedures (4) to recommend the most suitable translation procedure, plus the appropriate translation. 1.4 Translation Methods The central problem of translating has always been whether to translate literally or freely. The argument was theoretical. Now the context has changed, but the basic problem remains. The Methods are as follows: Word-for-word translation Literal translation Faithful translation Semantic translation Adaptation Free translation Idiomatic translation Communicative translation In all those above, only semantic and communicative translation fulfill the two main aims of translation: accuracy and economy. In general, a semantic translation is written at the authors linguistic level, a communicative at the readerships. Semantic translation is used for expressive texts, communicative for informative and vocative texts. So, next we talk about the equivalent effect. Equivalent effect (produce the same effect) is the desirable result, rather than the aim of any translation. In the communicative translation of vocative texts, equivalent effect is not only desirable, it is essential. In informative texts, equivalent effect is desirable only in respect of their insignificant emotional impact. The more cultural a text, the less is equivalent effect even conceivable. Different Types of Translation Theories 2.1 Literal Translation According to the linguistic theory of discourse analysis, any deviation from literal translation van be justified in any place appealing to the text as an overriding authority. In fact, literal translation is correct and must not be avoided, if it secures referential and pragmatic equivalence to the original. Literal translation is different from word-to-word and one-to-one translation. Literal translation ranges from one word to one word, group to group, collocation to collocation, clause to clause, sentence to sentence. It is to be the basic translation procedure, both in communicative and semantic translations, I that translation starts from there. The translation of poetry is the field where most emphasis is normally put on the creation of a new independent poem, and where literal translation is usually condemned. However, a translation van be inaccurate, it can never be too literal. We must not be afraid of literal translation. For a TL word which looks the same or nearly the same as the SL word, there are more faithful friends than faux aims (false friends).Everything is translatable up to a point, but there are often enormous difficulties. We do translate words, because there is nothing else to translate. We do not translate isolated words, we translate words all more or less bound by their syntactic, collocational, situational cultural and individual idiolect contexts. Elegant variations on literal or one-to-one translation are common, but they may not be justified in semantic or even communicative translation. The validity of literal translation can sometimes be established by the back-translation test. The back-translation test is not valid in the case of SL or TL lexical gaps. Some institutional terms are translated literally even though the TL cultural equivalents have widely different functions. Some concept-words are translated literally and often misleading, as their local connotations are often different. There are all kinds of insidious resistances to literal translation. It is sometimes advisable to retreat from literal translation when faced with SL general words for which there are no satisfactory one-to-one TL equivalents even though one is over-translating. That is the so called Natural Translation. Literal translation is the first step in translation. Re-creative translation is possible, but interpret the sense, not the words is the translators last resort. The modern literary translator continually pursue what is to them more natural, more colloquial than the original. But Their idiomatic English may be in flagrant contrast with a neutral original. 2.2 Traditional Chinese Translation Theory Chinese translation theory was born out of contact with vassal states during the Zhou Dynasty. It developed through translations of Buddhist scripture into Chinese. It is a response to the universals of the experience of translation and to the specifics of the experience of translating from specific source languages into Chinese. It also developed in the context of Chinese literary and intellectual tradition. In those five regions, the languages of the people were not mutually intelligible, and their likings and desires were different. To make what was in their minds apprehended, and to communicate their likings and desires, (there were officers), in the east, called transmitters; in the south, representationists; in the west, Tà ®-tà ®s; and in the north, interpreters. (à §Ã… ½Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¥Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ¶ The Royal Regulations, tr. James Legge 1885 vol. 27, pp. 229-230) A Western Han work attributes a dialogue about translation to Confucius. Confucius advises a ruler who wishes to learn foreign languages not to bother. Confucius tells the ruler to focus on governance and let the translators handle translation. The earliest bit of translation theory may be the phrase names should follow their bearers, while things should follow China. In other words, names should be transliterated, while things should be translated by meaning. In the late Qing Dynasty and the Republican Period, reformers such as Liang Qichao, Hu Shi and Zhou Zuoren began looking at translation practice and theory of the great translators in Chinese history. 2.3 Asian Translation Theory There is a separate tradition of translation in South Asia and East Asia (primarily modern India and China), especially connected with the rendering of religious texts particularly Buddhist texts and with the governance of the Chinese empire. Classical Indian translation is characterized by loose adaptation, rather than the closer translation more commonly found in Europe, and Chinese translation theory identifies various criteria and limitations in translation. In the East Asia Sinosphere (sphere of Chinese cultural influence), more important than translation per se has been the use and reading of Chinese texts, which also had substantial influence on the Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese languages, with substantial borrowings of vocabulary and writing system. Notable is Japanese Kanbun, which is a system of glossing Chinese texts for Japanese speakers. 2.4 Western Translation Theory Discussions of the theory and practice of translation reach back into antiquity and show remarkable continuities. The ancient Greeks distinguished between metaphrase (literal translation) and paraphrase. This distinction was adopted by English poet and translator John Dryden (1631-1700), who described translation as the judicious blending of these two modes of phrasing when selecting, in the target language, counterparts, or equivalents, for the expressions used in the source language. When words appear literally graceful, it were an injury to the author that they should be changed. But since what is beautiful in one language is often barbarous, nay sometimes nonsense, in another, it would be unreasonable to limit a translator to the narrow compass of his authors words: tis enough if he choose out some expression which does not vitiate the sense. This general formulation of the central concept of translation equivalence is as adequate as any that has been proposed since Cicero and Horace, who, in 1st-century-BCE Rome, famously and literally cautioned against translating word for word (verbum pro verbo). Despite occasional theoretical diversity, the actual practice of translation has hardly changed since antiquity. Except for some extreme metaphrasers in the early Christian period and the Middle Ages, and adapters in various periods (especially pre-Classical Rome, and the 18th century), translators have generally shown prudent flexibility in seeking equivalents literal where possible, paraphrastic where necessary for the original meaning and other crucial values (e.g., style, verse form, concordance with musical accompaniment or, in films, with speech articulatory movements) as determined from context. In general, translators have sought to preserve the context itself by reproducing the original order of sememes, and hence word order when necessary, reinterpreting the actual grammatical structure. The grammatical differences between fixed-word-order languages (e.g. English, French, German) and free-word-order languages (e.g., Greek, Latin, Polish, Russian) have been no impediment in this regard. When a target language has lacked terms that are found in a source language, translators have borrowed those terms, thereby enriching the target language. Thanks in great measure to the exchange of calques and loanwords between languages, and to their importation from other languages, there are few concepts that are untranslatable among the modern European languages. Generally, the greater the contact and exchange that have existed between two languages, or between those languages and a third one, the greater is the ratio of metaphrase to paraphrase that may be used in translating among them. However, due to shifts in ecological niches of words, a common etymology is sometimes misleading as a guide to current meaning in one or the other language. For example, the English actual should not be confused with the cognate French actual (present, current), the Polish aktualny (present, current), or the Russian à Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’à Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ Ã‚ ¹ (urgent, topical). The translators role as a bridge for carrying across values between cultures has been discussed at least since Terence, the 2nd-century-BCE Roman adapter of Greek comedies. The translators role is, however, by no means a passive, mechanical one, and so has also been compared to that of an artist. The main ground seems to be the concept of parallel creation found in critics such as Cicero. Dryden observed that Translation is a type of drawing after life Comparison of the translator with a musician or actor goes back at least to Samuel Johnsons remark about Alexander Pope playing Homer on a flageolet, while Homer himself used a bassoon. If translation be an art, it is no easy one. In the 13th century, Roger Bacon wrote that if a translation is to be true, the translator must know both languages, as well as the science that he is to translate; and finding that few translators did, he wanted to do away with translation and translators altogether. The translator of the Bible into German, Martin Luther, is credited with being the first European to posit that one translates satisfactorily only toward his own language. L.G. Kelly states that since Johann Gottfried Herder in the 18th century, it has been axiomatic that one translates only toward his own language. Compounding the demands on the translator is the fact that no dictionary or thesaurus can ever be a fully adequate guide in translating. The British historian Alexander Tytler, in his Essay on the Principles of Translation (1790), emphasized that assiduous reading is a more comprehensive guide to a language than are dictionaries. The same point, but also including listening to the spoken language, had earlier, in 1783, been made by the Polish poet and grammarian Onufry Andrzej KopczyÅ„ski. The translators special role in society is described in a posthumous 1803 essay by Polands La Fontaine, the Roman Catholic Primate of Poland, poet, encyclopedist, author of the first Polish novel, and translator from French and Greek, Ignacy Krasicki: Translation is in fact an art both estimable and very difficult, and therefore is not the labor and portion of common minds; it should be [practiced] by those who are themselves capable of being actors, when they see greater use in translating the works of others than in their own works, and hold higher than their own glory the service that they render their country. Serious Literature Translation Poetry is the most personal and concentrated of the four forms, no redundancy, no phatic language, where, as a unit, the word has greater importance. And if the word is the first unit of meaning, the second is not the sentence or the proposition, but usually the line, thereby demonstrating a unique double concentration of units. The translator can boldly transfer the image of any metaphor where it is known in the TL language. Original metaphors have to be translated accurately, even if in the target language culture the image is strange and the sense it conveys may only be guessed. Sound-effects are bound to come last for the translator. The translation of Short Story/Novel: From a translators point of view, the short story is, of literary forms, the second most difficult, but he is released from the obvious constraints of poetry meter and rhyme. Further, since the line is no longer a unit of meaning, he can spread himself a little his version is likely to be somewhat longer than the original though, always, the shorter the better. The translation of the Drama: A translator of drama inevitably has to bear the potential spectator in mind. A translation of a play must be concise it must not be an over-translation. He must word the sentence in such a way that the sub-text is equally clear. He must translate into the modern target language. When a play is transferred from the SL to the TL culture it is usually no longer a translation, but an adaptation. Some kind of accuracy must be the only criterion of a good translation in the future what kind of accuracy depending first on the type and then the particular text that has been translated. The Application in Literature Translation 3.1The Definition of Literature Translation Translation of literary works (novels, short stories, plays, poems, etc.) is considered a literary pursuit in its own right. For example, notable in Canadian literature specifically as translators are figures such as Sheila Fischman, Robert Dickson and Linda Gaboriau, and the Governor Generals Awards annually present prizes for the best English-to-French and French-to-English literary translations. Other writers, among many who have made a name for themselves as literary translators, include Vasily Zhukovsky, Tadeusz Boy-Ã…Â »eleÅ„ski, Vladimir Nabokov, Jorge Luis Borges, Robert Stiller and Haruki Murakami. 3.2 Brief Comparison of the Application of Western and Eastern Theories The first important translation in the West was that of the Septuagint, a collection of Jewish Scriptures translated into Koine Greek in Alexandria between the 3rd and 1st centuries BCE. The dispersed Jews had forgotten their ancestral language and needed Greek versions (translations) of their Scriptures. Throughout the Middle Ages, Latin was the lingua franca of the western learned world. The 9th-century Alfred the Great, king of Wessex in England, was far ahead of his time in commissioning vernacular Anglo-Saxon translations of Bedes Ecclesiastical History and Boethius Consolation of Philosophy. Meanwhile the Christian Church frowned on even partial adaptations of St. Jeromes Vulgate of ca. 384 CE,the standard Latin Bible. In Asia, the spread of Buddhism led to large-scale ongoing translation efforts spanning well over a thousand years. The Tangut Empire was especially efficient in such efforts; exploiting the then newly invented block printing, and with the full support of the government (contemporary sources describe the Emperor and his mother personally contributing to the translation effort, alongside sages of various nationalities), the Tanguts took mere decades to translate volumes that had taken the Chinese centuries to render. Large-scale efforts at translation were undertaken by the Arabs. Having conquered the Greek world, they made Arabic versions of its philosophical and scientific works. During the Middle Ages, some translations of these Arabic versions were made into Latin, chiefly at Cà ³rdoba in Spain. Such Latin translations of Greek and original Arab works of scholarship and science helped advance the development of European Scholasticism. The broad historic trends in Western translation practice may be illustrated on the example of translation into the English language. 3.3 The Application of Asian and European Translation Theories The first fine translations into English were made in the 14th century by Geoffrey Chaucer, who adapted from the Italian of Giovanni Boccaccio in his own Knights Tale and Troilus and Criseyde; began a translation of the French-language Roman de la Rose; and completed a translation of Boethius from the Latin. Chaucer founded an English poetic tradition on adaptations and translations from those earlier-established literary languages. The first great English translation was the Wycliffe Bible (ca. 1382), which showed the weaknesses of an underdeveloped English prose. Only at the end of the 15th century did the great age of English prose translation begin with Thomas Malorys Le Morte Darthur-an adaptation of Arthurian romances so free that it can, in fact, hardly be called a true translation. The first great Tudor translations are, accordingly, the Tyndale New Testament (1525), which influenced the Authorized Version (1611), and Lord Berners version of Jean Froissarts Chronicles (1523-25). Meanwhile, in Renaissance Italy, a new period in the history of translation had opened in Florence with the arrival, at the court of Cosimo de Medici, of the Byzantine scholar Georgius Gemistus Pletho shortly before the fall of Constantinople to the Turks (1453). A Latin translation of Platos works was undertaken by Marsilio Ficino. This and Erasmus Latin edition of the New Testament led to a new attitude to translation. For the first time, readers demanded rigor of rendering, as philosophical and religious beliefs depended on the exact words of Plato, Aristotle and Jesus. Non-scholarly literature, however, continued to rely on adaptation. Frances Plà ©iade, Englands Tudor poets, and the Elizabethan translators adapted themes by Horace, Ovid, Petrarch and modern Latin writers, forming a new poetic style on those models. The English poets and translators sought to supply a new public, created by the rise of a middle class and the development of printing, with works such as the original authors would have written, had they been writing in England in that day. 3.4 Recent Development and Application of Western Translation Theory The Elizabethan period of translation saw considerable progress beyond mere paraphrase toward an ideal of stylistic equivalence, but even to the end of this period, which actually reached to the middle of the 17th century, there was no concern for verbal accuracy. In the second half of the 17th century, the poet John Dryden sought to make Virgil speak in words such as he would probably have written if he were living and an Englishman. Dryden, however, discerned no need to emulate the Roman poets subtlety and concision. Similarly, Homer suffered from Alexander Popes endeavor to reduce the Greek poets wild paradise to order. Throughout the 18th century, the watchword of translators was ease of reading. Whatever they did not understand in a text, or thought might bore readers, they omitted. They cheerfully assumed that their own style of expression was the best, and that texts should be made to conform to it in translation. For scholarship they cared no more than had their predecessors, and they did not shrink from making translations from translations in third languages, or from languages that they hardly knew, or-as in the case of James Macphersons translations of Ossian-from texts that were actually of the translators own composition. The 19th century brought new standards of accuracy and style. In regard to accuracy, observes J.M. Cohen, the policy became the text, the whole text, and nothing but the text, except for any bawdy passages and the addition of copious explanatory footnotes. In regard to style, the Victorians aim, achieved through far-reaching metaphrase (literality) or pseudo-metaphrase, was to constantly remind readers that they were reading a foreign classic. An exception was the outstanding translation in this period, Edward FitzGeralds Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam (1859), which achieved its Oriental flavor largely by using Persian names and discreet Biblical echoes and actually drew little of its material from the Persian original. In advance of the 20th century, a new pattern was set in 1871 by Benjamin Jowett, who translated Plato into simple, straightforward language. Jowetts example was not followed, however, until well into the new century, when accuracy rather than style became the principal criterion. 3.5 The Application of Serious Literature Translation Poetry presents special challenges to translators, given the importance of a texts formal aspects, in addition to its content. In his influential 1959 paper On Linguistic Aspects of Translation, the Russian-born linguist and semiotician Roman Jakobson went so far as to declare that poetry by definition is untranslatable. In 1974 the American poet James Merrill wrote a poem, Lost in Translation, which in part explores this idea. The question was also discussed in Douglas Hofstadters 1997 book, Le Ton beau de Marot; he argues that a good translation of a poem must convey as much as possible of not only its literal meaning but also its form and structure (meter, rhyme or alliteration scheme, etc.). In 2008, Taiwanese linguist Grace Hui Chin Lin suggests communication strategies can be applied by oral translators to translate poetry. Translators with cultural backgrounds can oral translate poetry of their nations. For example, poetry of Tung dynasty can be introduced to people outside of Chinese communities by oral translation strategies. Also, several communication strategies for facilitating communicative limitations are applicable as oral translation strategies for interpreting poetries. Translation of a text that is sung in vocal music for the purpose of singing in another language sometimes called singing translation is closely linked to translation of poetry because most vocal music, at least in the Western tradition, is set to verse, especially verse in regular patterns with rhyme. (Since the late 19th century, musical setting of prose and free verse has also been practiced in some art music, though popular music tends to remain conservative in its retention of stannic forms with or without refrains.) A rudimentary example of translating poetry for singing is church hymns, such as the German chorales translated into English by Catherine Wink worth. Translation of sung texts is generally much more restrictive than translation of poetry, because in the former there is little or no freedom to choose between a versified translation and a translation that dispenses with verse structure. One might modify or omit rhyme in a singing translation, but the assignment of syllables to specific notes in the original musical setting places great challenges on the translator. There is the option in prose sung texts, less so in verse, of adding or deleting a syllable here and there by subdividing or combining notes, respectively, but even with prose the process is almost like strict verse translation because of the need to stick as closely as possible to the original prosody of the sung melodic line. Other considerations in writing a singing translation include repetition of words and phrases, the placement of rests and/or punctuation, the quality of vowels sung on high notes, and rhythmic features of the vocal line that may be more natural to the original language than to the target language. A sung translation may be considerably or completely different from the original, thus resulting in a contrafactum. Translations of sung texts whether of the above type meant to be sung or of a more or less literal type meant to be read are also used as aids to audiences, singers and conductors, when a work is being sung in a language not known to them. The most familiar types are translations presented as subtitles or surtitles projected during opera performances, those inserted into concert programs, and those that accompany commercial audio CDs of vocal music. In addition, professional and amateur singers often sing works in languages they do not know (or do not know well), and translations are then used to enable them to understand the meaning of the words they are singing. Implication and Conclusion Implication n the 1970s a literary approach to translation theory began to emerge, partly as a response to the prescriptive linguistic theories that had monopolized thinking for the previous two decades. Key elements of this new literary approach are the writings of the Manipulation School; systems theories; and Gideon Tourys descriptive translation studies (DTS), which tries to identify laws in translation, of which Itamar Even-Zohars Polysystem Theory (PS) forms a vital part (Nam Fung Chang). At the Leuven Conference in 1976, Even-Zohar presented a paper entitled The Position of Translated Literature in the Literary Polysystem where he considers the position of translated literature within the literary, cultural and historical contexts of the target culture. He does not advocate the study of individual translations, but rather views the body of translated works as a system working within and reacting to a literary system, which, in turn, is working within and reacting to the historical, social and cultural systems of the particular target audience. Therefore, there is a system within a system within a system i.e. the polysystem. The notion of system does, perhaps, need some clarification at this point. Literature viewed as a system can be traced back to Russian Formalist thinking of the 1920s when Yury Tynjanov is credited with being the first person to describe literature in these terms (Hermans, 1999, 104). Translated literature itself is also considered to operate as a system in at least two ways firstly in the way that the TL chooses works for translation, and secondly in the way translation methodology varies according to the influence of other systems (Munday, 2001 109). Even-Zohar himself emphasizes the fact that translated literature functions systemically: I conceive of translated literature not only as an integral system within any literary polysystem but as an active system within it. (1976, 200). Translation theory shares a number of concerns with what is commonly called communication theory. Perhaps the most important observation which the communication theorists have produced for translators is the recognition that every act of communication has three dimensions: Speaker (or author), Message, and Audience. The more we can know about the original author, the actual message produced by that author, and the original audience, the better acquainted we will be with that particular act of communication. An awareness of this tri-partite character of communication can be very useful for interpreters. Assuming that an act of communication is right now taking place, as you read what I wrote, there are three dimensions to this particular act of communication: myself, and what I am intending to communicate; the actual words which are on this page; and what you understand me to be saying. When the three dimensions converge, the communication has been efficient. 4.2Conclusion Different theories show different meanings. While not everyone who drives an automobile needs to understand the theory behind the internal combustion engine, someone does need to know this theory. I may be able to drive my Pontiac without any knowledge of internal combustion engines, until the Pontiac breaks down. Then, I must find someone (presumably a mechanic) who does in fact know enough theory to get the Pontiac running again. The same is true of translation theory. It is not necessary for everyone to know translation theory, nor is it even necessary for pastors and teachers to know everything about translation theory. It is necessary for pastors and teachers in the American church at the end of the twentieth century to know something about translation theory, for two reasons. First, it will affect the way we interpret the Bible for our people. If we are completely unaware of translation theory, we may unwittingly mislead our brothers and sisters in our interpretation. Second, there are so many English translations available, that

Art Theft Essay -- Thieves Arts Stealing History Essays

Art Theft Of the many crimes that are present in this day and age, one that not only vandalizes the property, but as well as historical background is that of art theft. A crime that has taken away the sanctity of churches as well as many other religious and historical sites. Thefts have ranged from WWII (World War II) to the times of the Holocaust. Of the items that were taken from the churches, relics were items of great priority. These items not only had great value to the churches they were stolen from, but a great value to relic collectors. Most of the items taking during these times were either sold or placed in underground storage. Most of these items that were place in these secret places were never to be seen again. From the times of these so called â€Å"relic hunters† to now, art theft has become something that has taken some extreme changes. It has evolved from crime that started with minor relic thefts to something that has become a worldwide crime in need of better preventi on. Art theft is a crime that has been on the rise for the last half of this century. â€Å"According to law enforcement officials, art theft now ranks second only to drugs as the world’s most lucrative illegal activity.† (Journal of Commerce) Whether bought, created, or stolen, art has become something that is of great demand. â€Å"Art theft has flourished as never before. Just keeping up with the number of stolen objects and their total value is a big-time guessing game.† (Dudar) This is a problem that not only faces us as art owners and collectors, but museums and auction houses as well. Everyone possessing a piece of artwork is at risk of art theft. This artwork doesn’t have to be anything out of the ordinary to be a target. Along with famous paintings, sculptures, and other types of artwork, many insignificant or unrecognized pieces of artwork are being stolen too. â€Å"Most thefts appear to be the work of thieves without serious art education. Along w ith the good stuff, they are apt to sweep up junk – those sappy gift-shop paintings of kids with enormous eyes, for example, which no serious collector would covet.† (Lowenthal) On the other hand some of these thefts are being done by some of the best in the business. â€Å"Some thieves have turned out to be professionals who, following fashion, switched from robbing video stores to burgling art. Some are actually specialists in vehicle t... ... that has been reported either stolen or missing. This not only aids law enforcement, but museums, auction houses, and buyer/collectors. â€Å"The Art Loss Register database holds numerous is losses looted from public and private collections between 1933 and 1945 and additional missing artworks for free.† (Schillingford) Art theft is a crime on the rise, but with the use of these foundations and the methods that are being used by museum security managers it is slowing declining. Art theft is something that because of system and human flaws will never be successfully prevented. It can however, be something that is so hard to do that a lack of interest will remain. The only way to successfully prevent art theft is to not own any at all. Works Cited Attrino, Tony. â€Å"Insurers Get Help In Tracking Stolen Art.† National Underwriter Property & Casualty-Risk & Benefits Management. Aug. 17, 1998. Vol. 102. N. 33. Pg. 45 (1). Burrows, Robin. â€Å"Artful Protection from Down Under.† Museum Security. Feb. 1992. Pg. 34, 37-8. Dudar, Helen. â€Å"Making a dent in the trafficking of stolen art.† Smithsonian. Sept. 1995. Vol. 26. N. 6. Pg. 34 (7). Journal of Commerce. Dec. 11, 1990.

Implementing Strategies: Managing Technology Essay

Project Portfolio Management (PPM) is a new discipline that is guiding organizations in setting goals and objectives, incorporating strategies and products, and making sure that business services are being delivered. PPM allows company’s to select, prioritize, optimize, and control all the projects in the organization based on many different parameters. PPM has been used in many IT project settings, but has recently been used by organizations to manage any portfolio of projects. In order to for PPM to be an effective tool, organizations need to define what issues need to be considered when selecting projects to implement strategy and what parameters need to be used to control the actual projects. The main issue that an organization needs to consider when selecting projects is alignment with long-term company goals. Often, projects are prioritized by internal political motivation which can quickly misalign what needs to be done compared to the company long-term goals. It is not to say that that the needs of certain business units should be ignored, but PPM allows a company to â€Å". . . prioritize its resources for the good of the business . . . (Paul, 2006). † Other issues that need to be considered in selecting projects are categorizing projects into those that run the business, those that grow the business, and those that may transform the business (Paul, 2006). Categorizing projects lets senior management change the project mix if revenue growth is a top priority or if a change in the business model is imminent. Having project flexibility is essential when implementing strategy within an organization. Senior managers can also use the categorizing of projects to determine the incoming demands from the business units and determine the capacity of the organization to deliver real value back to the business units or customers. PPM is also concerned with not just the actual project completion, but monitoring the project once it is complete for long-term effectiveness and success. The follow-up provided by PPM will help senior management and future project leaders determine best practices and focuses for the future and long-term strategies. PPM is able to define project parameters to control projects by long-term monitoring of completed projects. Parameters that need to be defined within each project are cost, resource availability, resource allocation and workload, time to market, cost reduction value, revenue generation, scope, and time-line to complete. The parameters need to be tracked in real-time for effective project management and portfolio management. PPM is able to â€Å". . . provide continuous checks and evaluations of a project throughout its lifecycle. . . (Gharehmani, 2006). † This allows PPM to assess projects or products based on real-time information and not outdated spreadsheets. The individual parameters can also be selected based on the particular need of the company with a certain project. For example, if a company is looking for a certain time to market versus the time-line to complete, PPM can use real-time information from previous projects to easily and accurately predict if the product will be released in the time frame desired. Categorizing projects can also be used as an effective means of controlling projects. For example, senior management may request that only projects that align with growing the business and revenue generation are to be worked on for a particular period of time depending on the business need in the specified time. PPM is a growing science that is being increasingly used to manage any portfolio of projects. In order for PPM to be effective, organizations need to define what issues need to be controlled to implement a particular strategy. Organizations also need to define the parameters that are to be used to control the projects. Without defining the issues and parameters related to project or portfolio management, the company will not be effective in managing what projects will ultimately lead to long-term success for the entire organization.

Should School Uniforms be Mandatory Essay - 1090 Words

Many debates form over the opinion of whether schools should require students to wear uniforms. Some schools go through the same argument annually of whether to enforce school uniforms the following school year. A number of people argue that uniforms take away from the students’ individuality, while other people concur that uniforms generate unity within the school. Even though many people disagree with school uniforms, countless reasons are evident that uniforms should be mandatory. School uniforms provide schools with many positive results. Uniforms help improve school greatly by insuring safety within the schools and decreasing violence within the students at school. Research states many ways uniforms improve schools, such as allowing†¦show more content†¦To gain firsthand experience and knowledge, Traner’s principal visited a successful mandatory school uniform program in Long Beach, California, which reportedly had achieved a 70% reduction in students di scipline incidents. Officials at Traner then gained support of 90% of the parents and immediately started seeing improvements in the students’ behavior (Daugherty 3). Uniforms reduce bullying over clothes and take away violent or vulgar language on shirts such as the advertisement of tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs (Kizis 2). Another positive result of school uniforms other than improvement of schools is the social benefits for students. Uniforms provide many benefits for the students such as the promotion of a sense of unity, the decrease of differences between the poor and the rich, and the reduction in clothes related conflicts (Daugherty 2). One social benefit school uniforms are responsible for is providing the students with a sense of unity. When everyone dresses the same, students feel like they belong. School uniforms give students a sense of being equal to each other despite their race, gender, or economic status (Wilde 1). Another social benefit school uniforms provide is the decrease in differences between the poor and the rich. Students who come from low income families are not as self-conscious about their clothing because all stude nts wear similar shirts and pants (Wilkins 5). School uniforms also allow social benefits by reducing theShow MoreRelatedMandatory School Uniforms Should Be Mandatory849 Words   |  4 PagesMandatory School Uniforms â€Å"Give me liberty or give me death!’’ The infamous words of Patrick Henry are the first to come to mind when one contemplates the fiery debate of whether uniforms should be mandated in schools. 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School uniforms are one stepRead MoreShould School Uniforms Be Mandatory?1381 Words   |  6 PagesStudents in Secondary Schools should be Required to Wear Uniforms No matter what you dress students in, they will always find a way to pass judgement upon their peers. If it s not based upon the style of clothes worn there are many other superficial ways to judge people and form cliques. School uniforms are one step that may help break the cycle of violence, truancy and disorder by helping young students understand what really counts is what kind of people they are, Clinton said (Bowen). ProponentsRead MoreSchool Uniforms Should Be Mandatory928 Words   |  4 Pages School Uniforms should be required in school to help eliminate the amount of bulling, help increase unity, and lower the cost. In fact â€Å"many schools have adopted school uniform policies as a solution to these problems(Forster 2). During the time I was in school I always thought uniforms would be terrible. 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Evenings spent laying out school clothes for grandchildren quickly teaches us just how insane the current expectations for school dress can be each day. Individuals will face this problem on a daily basis, which can lead to a stressful task. Mandatory school uniforms can benefit each family member in numinous ways. Lifting financial burdens for parents and the constant peer comparison for children. It alsoRead MoreWhy School Uniforms Should Be Mandatory871 Words   |  4 Pageslaying out school clothes for grandchildren quickly teaches just how insane the current expectations for school dress can be each day. Individuals face this problem on a daily basis, which can be a stressful task. Mandatory school uniforms can benefit each family member in numinous ways. Financial burdens for parents and constant peer comparison for children. It also allows students of differing backgrounds to be brought together to express themselves equally. One can clearly see that school uniforms