Reflective Essay on Smoking Cessation

musing Essay on Smoking CessationThis essay provides a pensive account of the delivery of an opportunistic fastball tip intervention. In constructing this account, Gibbs (1988) mildew of reflection has been utilised, which incorporates the following comp singlents description impressionings evaluation analysis conclusion and exertion plan.DescriptionWhilst shadowing a work out nurse, I was provided with the opportunity to lend oneself a truncated have issue intervention with a uncomplaining. The unhurrieds predict forget not be used, in respect of confidentiality (NMC mandate, 2008 NHS Confidentiality Code of Practice, DH 2003), however, for the objective of this reflection she get out be referred to by the pseudonym Sarah. Sarah is a 65-year ageing female presenting with a number of wellness issues. She is an overweight smoker who has tardily been diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a lung disease characterised by the narrowing of the ai rways. COPD also refers to chronic bronchitis and emphysema, the latter of which Sarah has been diagnosed with. It is emphysema that is Sarahs primary wellness problem at present.The wellness promotion dodging adopted was a brief intervention comprising motivational interviewing (Rollnick, Miller and Butler, 2007), which took place indoors the get along surgery as part of Sarahs consultation. motivational Interviewing is a directive tolerant-centered flare of counselling designed to succor masses resolve ambivalence to the nobleest degree behavior falsify, much(prenominal) as smoking cessation.Alongside motivational interviewing, or so specific props and teaching aids were utilised, including the provision of evidence-based culture, the creation of a COPD self-management plan (British Lung Foundation, 2010), and details of helpful resources Sarah could utilise for further support. This included the Surrey NHS live Smoking Service (www.surreyquit.net), which offers fre e NHS support tailored to the unmarried (i.e. hebdomadally clinic visits or telephone contact).FeelingsI was initially quite anxious about this health promotion opportunity, as I was not confident in my ability to provide constructive support in the limited while we had. However, on initiating a conversation with Sarah, using open questions as recommended at heart motivational interviewing, the anxiety disappeared as I listened to Sarahs story. Active listening requires concentration, which in turn focalizeed me on how I readiness be open to help Sarah. In establishing that Sarah was concerned for her grandchildren, who stayed with her quite frequently and were thus around second hand smoke, this provided an anchor to facilitate the development of Sarahs motivation to deviate. In turn, this anchor also provided me with a patient of-centred method for relieving my fears, since I had found a way of engaging Sarah in the process.Interestingly, as Sarahs motivation grew, so di d my sustain motivation to ensure that Sarah gained as much from this brief intervention as possible. With every question that I could answer, I gained in confidence and enjoyed my component as educator and learner within the collaborative partnership amidst myself and Sarah. In this sense, the collaborative approach that underlies motivational interviewing and much of healthcare practice today can benefit both the patient and healthcare provider.My boilers suit feelings regarding the interaction with Sarah are one of fulfilment. I feel I irresponsiblely contributed to this patients increase resolve to stop smoking for both herself and her family.EvaluationMotivational interviewing was selected as the most appropriate health promotion intervention for Sarah for a number of reasons. Firstly, evidence regarding demeanor change and, in particular, smoking cessation, shows that level of motivation is an weighty factor in devising the best health promotion method or teaching plan for a patient (Prochaska, DiClemente, and Norcross, 1993). This approach takes into consideration humanist learning hypothesis and the principles of self-directed learning. tally to Prochaska et al.s (1983) five stages of behaviour change, Sarah currently resides in stage 2 of the following stages Stage 1 (pre- thoughtfulness) is when the individual does not intend to change behaviour Stage 2 ( reflection) is when an individual is considering change Stage 3 (preparation) is solemn resolve to embark on smoking cessation Stage 4 (action stage) is the first few crucial weeks and months where an individual is actively taking positive actions towards smoking cessation and Stage 5 (maintenance) is about 6-months to 5-years after the origin of the smoking cessation decision, where behaviour change has been sustained.Being in the contemplation stage suggests that Sarah still has some unresolved ambivalence about change and thus needs help moving to stage 3, where she can blend to prepar e for smoking cessation. If I had started to help Sarah plan for smoking cessation before she was ready, this could have been detrimental in both the short- and long-term. For example, it has been shown that overcoming the hurdles associated with smoking cessation can increase an individuals self-efficacy (i.e. confidence) in their ability to succeed at their quit attempt, which in turn acts to reduce the likelihood of a recur and increase the likelihood of long-term sustained smoking cessation (Schnoll et al., 2010). If Sarah was pushed towards a quit attempt before prepared, her risk of relapse would have been high this would have ultimately reduced her self-confidence to try again.The transition from the contemplation stage to the preparation stage has been cited as being critically all important(p) to the outcome of quit attempts (Prochaska, DiClemente, and Norcross, 1993), as has the fact that healthcare professionals can be extremely influential at this stage Long et al., 19 96). I considered motivational interviewing to be key to influencing Sarahs decisions regarding smoking cessation since it was designed specifically to help people resolve ambivalence about behavior change, which is the main diagnostic of people in the contemplation stage of motivation. Motivational interviewing can procure the resolve of ambivalence by avoiding confrontation and guiding people towards choosing to change their behavior themselves.I was aware that motivational interviewing would need to be attach to by detailed education about smoke-related health issues and the likely dividing line of COPD, together with possible complications and its association with increased morbidity and mortality. Sarah is an intelligent individual and keen to receive such(prenominal) information and reading material. Unfortunately, however, I was futile to answer all of her questions. In particular, I could not answer her questions regarding the pathophysiology of smoking. unreciprocated questions can act as a barrier to progress, something which I do not wish to produce in a patient who requires such barriers removing. Fortunately, I was able to answer Sarahs questions whilst referring to an educational information leaflet. I do, however, feel that I would have been able to engage with Sarah much effectively if it had not been necessary for me to focus my attention on the leaflet before me.It became apparent throughout the consultation that although Sarah was most certainly considering quitting smoking, she possess some traits that might hinder her efforts. In particular, Sarah appeared to have an external health locus of turn back. This means that she attributes control over her behaviour to external factors as opposed to midland factors. It is well documented within the lit that an internal locus of control is more productive to behaviour change and healthier lifestyle choices (Wallston and Wallston, 1978 Tones et al., 1992). fetching this into considerati on, I was mindful to acknowledge Sarahs control over her choices. In one instance, I used her save as an example since Sarah had informed me that her husband had quit smoking. I asked her how he managed to achieve this and in recognising her husbands role in his own smoking cessation, Sarah appeared to be adjusting her locus of control towards a more internal one.Nevertheless, Sarahs self-efficacy remained low throughout the consultation despite attempts to boost her confidence. It is believed that increased self-efficacy, which can be achieved via motivational interviewing, is an important factor involved in the mastery of smoking cessation (Brown et al., 2003 Karatay et al., 2010), thus I felt this was an important aspect to include in Sarahs self-management care plan to set herself an possible goal each week that would gradually build her confidence.AnalysisThe discussion section of wellness have been working with the NHS, patients, and healthcare professionals since 2005 to develop a strategy to improve the care and outcomes of people with COPD (DH, 2010). This strategy places a large focus on the prevention and treatment of smoking, as well as the grandeur of providing patients who have COPD with behavioural support and access to stop smoking returnss.The incision of Health (2009) have produced guidance on effective stop smoking services, offering three levels of behavioural intervention brief interventions (level one) intensive one-to-one support and advice (level two) and group interventions (level three). In terms of level one, brief interventions, the national Institute of Clinical Excellent (NICE) have published guidelines and recommendations for smoking cessation (NICE, 2004). Furthermore, previous UK guidance has emphasised the importance of offering opportunistic, brief advice to foster all smokers to quit and to signpost them to resources and treatments that might help them (West, 2005).They Department of Health guidance states that all smokers should be advised to quit and asked if they are enkindle in quitting this is unless there are exceptional circumstances such as other medical conditions that might hinder smoking cessation. Those who are elicit in quitting should then be offered a referral to an intensive, level two, support service such as NHS Stop Smoking Services. Sarah was referred to the Surrey service and informed of the success rates found for NHS Stop Smoking Services. There is evidence that such services are effective in the short-term (4-weeks) and the long-term (52-weeks) indeed, between 13-23% of successful short-term quitters remain abstinent at 52-weeks (NICE, 2007).Conclusion nearly 900,000 people in England and Wales have been diagnosed with COPD (NICE, 2004) and it is the fifth most common suit of death in the UK, resulting in over 30,000 deaths annually (National Statistics, 2006). By 2020, it is estimated that COPD will be the third most common cause of mortality general (Lopez et al. , 2006). Smoking is the largest risk factor for developing COPD, with 20% of long-term smokers at long last developing clinically significant levels of the disease and 80% developing lung revile (Garcia-Aymerich et al., 2003). These statistics highlight the urgency of grasping opportunistic health promotion and utilising brief intervention skills to help deliver the DH strategy and improve the care and outcomes provided to people with COPD.Delivering brief opportunistic interventions for smoking cessation requires an approach that does not pee defensiveness but develops a patient/provider partnership conductive of the patient making their own decisions, with support, as to their lifestyle. Motivational interviewing and consideration of individual patient characteristics and traits (i.e. locus of control, stage of readiness to change, etc.) provides a method of achieving this partnership within limited time and resources, as is often the case in bustling healthcare environments. Learning the skills within motivational interviewing will add to a healthcare professionals repertoire of techniques for supporting patients through behaviour change, as I found in the case reflected upon within this essay.Action PlanThe UKCC Code of Professional Conduct (1992) proposes that nurses should maintain and improve her professional knowledge and competence. In relation to my own knowledge and competence in opportunistic health promotion, I have recognised that I need to increase my skills for nurturing patient self-efficacy. Patient confidence is fundamental to successful behaviour change and although I feel satisfied with my approach to Sarah, it would have been useful to have possessed a larger repertoire of techniques for enhancing self-efficacy.I could also benefit from a great understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms by which smoking causes COPD. Sarah was particularly interested in the physiological effects of smoking and whilst I could offer her basic in formation verbally, I needed to refer to information leaflets for more detailed insight, which disrupt the flow of conversation.I have started to explore these issues via a search of the literature on behaviour change and health promotion. As part of this search, I have come across the concept of implementation intention (Gollwitzer, 1999). The theory behind this concept is that in order for someone to implement a desired behaviour, it is necessary for them to devise a specific plan that will increase their intention to pursue that behaviour (Gollwitzer and Sheeran, 2006). This is an interesting technique that could be integrated into motivational interviewing and health promotion via the self-management care plans currently provided. I intend to explore this further and to discuss it with a superior.Using Gibbs reflective model to structure this account has helped me to recognise my strongest skills and those that require further development. I will endeavour to take a proactive approach to utilising this greater insight into my professional abilities.

The Difference Between Men And Women

The release Between hands And Wo handsUnderstanding The Difference Between Men And Wo custodyFor centuries, the differences betwixt spiel force and wo hands were soci whollyy defined and distorted through and through a lens of depend uponism in which custody startd headmasterity over wo custody and primary(prenominal)tained it through domination. As the goal of equality mingled with men and women now grows closer we atomic number 18 also losing our aw arness of classic differences. In round circles of smart set, politic totallyy correct call ining is obliterating important tidings as healthy as our aw atomic number 18ness of the similarities and differences amongst men and women. The mickle of equality between the sexes has narrowed the possibilities for disco truly of what truly exists inside a small-arm and within a wo human racehood. The world is less(prenominal) interesting when every intimacy is alike(p). It is my aim that men and women be equal th at confrontation. When I distinguish equal, I retrieve that men and women convey a right to equal probability and protection under the law. The point that multitude in this country be assured these rights does non negate my observation that men and women atomic number 18 at least(prenominal) as diametric psycho tenaciously as they ar forciblely.n iodin of us would argue the particular that men and women are physiologically opposite. The physical differences are sooner obvious and around of these place be seen and tardily measured. Weight, shape, size and anatomy are non political opinions still sort of tangible and easy measured. The physical differences between men and women provide utilitarian advantages and defy survival value. Men usually flummox greater fastness body strength, build muscle easily, have thicker skin, bruise less easily and have a lower threshold of awareness of injuries to their extremities. Men are essentially built for physical confrontation and the utilization of force. Their joints are sanitary suited for throwing objects. A mans skull is almost al ship government agency thicker and vehementer than a womens. The stereotype that men are untold thick-headed than women is non far fetched. A mans thick headedness, and other(a) anatomical differences have been associated with a uniquely young-begetting(prenominal) person attraction to high speed activities and reckless demeanour that usually involve collisions with other anthropoids or automobiles. Men invented the game chicken, non women. Men, and a number of other male species of animal seem to stir up and crash into all(prenominal) other a great deal in their spare duration.Women on the other hand have four measure as many brain cells (neurons) connecting the right and left side of their brain. This latter(prenominal) finding provides physical certify that realizes the observation that men curse easily and to a greater extent heavily on their left brain to realise one chore one step at a time. Women have much(prenominal) efficient access to twain sides of their brain and on that pointfore greater use of their right brain. Women push aside focus on to a greater extent than than one problem at one time and frequently prefer to solve problems through multiple activities at a time. Nearly every parent has discovered how young girls find the talks of young boys boring. Young boys express confusion and would rather play sports than participate actively in a confabulation between 5 girls who are discussing as many as three subjects at erstwhileThe psychological differences between man and women are less obvious. They feces be difficult to discover. Yet these differences lavatory pro anchorly influence how we casting and maintain affinitys that sack range from work and friendships to marriage and parenting. Recognizing, sympathy, discussing as well as acting skillfully in light of the differences betwe en men and women mickle be difficult. Our failure to recognize and appreciate these differences mickle beseem a life long source of disappointment, frustration, tension and nonethelesstually our downslope in a relationship. Not whole understructure these differences destroy a promising relationship, but most lot provide grudgingly master or learn to live with the consequences. Eventually they find some agree or air to cope. Few people ever work bygone these difficulties. People feed to accept what they dont envision when they ascertain powerless to change it. Relationships between men and women are non unworkable or necessarily difficult. Problems simply arise when we expect or bust the opposite sex should withdraw, liveliness or act the way we do. Its not that men and women live in completely different realities. Rather, our privation of go throughledge and mutual experience gives rise to our difficulties.Despite great strides in this country toward equality , modern society hasnt made relationships between men and women any easier. Todays society has taught us and has imposed on us the expectation that men and women should live together continuously, in communion, and in harmony. These expectations are not still unrealistic but ultimately they buy the farm people ruling unloved, inadequate, cynical, apathetic or ashamed. The challenge facing men and women is to plough aware of their identities, to accept their differences, and to live their lives fully and as skillfully as possible. To do this we mustiness initiatory earn in what ways we are different. We must avoid trying to change others to suit our hires. The succeeding(a) illustrates some important differences between men and women. These differences are not absolute. They describe how men and women are in most situations most of the time.ProblemsMen and women snuggle problems with similar goals but with different comitys. While men and women shadower solve problems equ ally well, their approach and their process are a good deal quit different. For most women, sharing and discussing a problem presents an opportunity to look for, deepen or ratify the relationship with the person they are talking with. Woman are usually more concerned closely how problems are solved than merely closure the problem itself. For women, understand a problem tush profoundly push whether they feel closer and less alone or whether they feel upstage and less connected. The process of solving a problem can lace or weaken a relationship. Most men are less concerned and do not feel the same as women when solving a problem. Men approach problems in a very different manner than women. For most men, solving a problem presents an opportunity to render their competence, their strength of resolve, and their commitment to a relationship. How the problem is solved is not nearly as important as solving it effectively and in the high hat possible manner. Men have a feedenc y to dominate and to assume authority in a problem solving process. They set deviation their feelings provided the dominance hierarchy was agreed upon in advance and respected. They are often distracted and do not at go well to the quality of the relationship while solving problems. Some of the more important differences can be illustrated by observing groups of young teenage boys and groups of young teenage girls when they seek to find their way out of a maze. A group of boys principally establish a hierarchy or chain of command with a exceeder who emerges on his own or through demonstrations of ability and power. Boys explore the maze using scouts while remaining in distant law of proximity to each other. Groups of girls tend to explore the maze together as a group without establishing a clear or dominant leader. Relationships tends to be co-equal. Girls tend to elicit discussion and employ collective intelligence to the toil of discovering a way out. Girls tend to work the ir way through the maze as a group. Boys tend to search and explore using structured link and a chain of command.ThinkingWhile men and women can name similar closings and rack up similar decisions, the process they use can be quit different and in some cases can lead to only if different outcomes. In general, men and women consider and process liveledge differently. Women tend to be intuitive orbiculate thinkers. They consider multiple sources of information within a process that can be described as simultaneous, global in perspective and will ensure elements in the task in terms of their interconnectedness. Women come to understand and consider problems all at once. They entertain a broad or collective perspective, and they view elements in a task as interconnected and interdependent. Women are prone to become overwhelmed with complexities that exist, or may exist, and may have difficulty separating their person-to-person experience from problems. Men tend to focus on one problem at a time or a limited number of problems at a time. They have an enhanced ability to separate themselves from problems and minimize the complexity that may exist. Men come to understand and consider problems one piece at a time. They discover a linear or sequential perspective, and view elements in a task as less interconnected and more independent. Men are prone to minimize and fail to appreciate subtleties that can be crucial to successful solutions. A male may work through a problem repeatedly, talking about(predicate) the same thing over and over, rather than trying to address the the problem all at once. While there are differences in the ways that men and women think, it must be emphasized that they can and do solve problems in a similar manner. there are no absolutes, only tendencies.MemoryWomen have an enhanced ability to recall memories that have strong worked up components. They can also recall events or experiences that have similar emotions in common. Wo men are very adept at recalling information, events or experiences in which there is a common emotional theme. Men tend to recall events using strategies that rely on reconstructing the experience in terms of elements, tasks or activities that took place. Profound experiences that are associated with competition or physical activities are more easily recalled. in that respect appears to be a structural and chemical basis for observed retrospection differences. For instance, the hippocampus, the area in the brain primarily responsible for memory, reacts differently to testosterone in men and it reacts differently to changing levels of estrogen and progesterone in women. Women tend to remember or be reminded of different emotional memories and content to some extent as part of their menstrual cycle.SensitivityThere is license to suggest that a great deal of the sensibility that exists within men and women has a physiological basis. It has been observed that is many cases, women ha ve an enhanced physical alarm answer to danger or threat. Their autonomic and sympathetic systems have a lower threshold of arousal and greater reactivity than men. In both men and women, higher levels of testosterone directly affect the aggressive response and appearance centers of the brain. Increasing estrogen and progesterone in men has a feminizing effect. Sexually aggressive males become less foc employ on internal aggressive behavior and content when they are given egg-producing(prenominal) hormones. On the other hand, changing estrogen and progesterone levels in women during menstrual cycles can produce a flood of memories as well as strong emotions. Increasing or high levels of testosterone can produce an emotional insensitivity, empathetic block and increased indifference to the distress others. At the heart of sensitivity is our capacity to form, appreciate and maintain relationships that are recognise. Even here there are important differences. For men, what demonst rates a solid relationship is quite different from that of most women. Men feel closer and validated through telld up activities. Such activities include sports, competition, outdoor activities or sexual activities that are decidedly active and physical. While both men and women can appreciate and necessitate in these activities they often have preferential differences. Women, on the other hand, feel closer and validated through communication, dialogue and intimate sharing of experience, emotional content and personal perspectives. Many men tend to find much(prenominal) sharing and involvement uncomfortable, if not, overwhelming.The Task Of Relationship Facing Men and WomenThe task that faces men and women is to learn to accept their differences, avoid taking their differences as personal attempts to frustrate each other, and to compromise whenever possible. The idea that one grammatical gender can think and feel like the other if they truly loved each is rather absurd. Sure, a man or women could act in consideration of the others needs, but this would not necessarily be rewarding and honest. Holding the bene give-up the ghost of another above our own is rewarding. But from time to time, and more often for most of us, it is important to be our self and to be accepted, and not to be the source of distress and disappointment in the lives of people we love.The Role Of Counseling and TherapyCounseling and therapy can function a geminate understand and appreciate each other, and even benefit from their differences. Understanding these differences intellectually is not enough. A counselor or therapist can help point out these differences, as they surface, and guide a couple to a greater level of relationship. Understanding that differences are not intentional and that misunderstandings are merely the go out of expectations that are not realistic can wee a huge difference in a relationship. The differences that can be sensed between a man and women can deepen their relationship. more than importantly, when men seek to understand and appreciate that which is distaff, they come to a deeper understanding of their self. And when a women seeks to understand that which is male in men, they come to appreciate and understand more about their own masculinity.THE SOCIAL ROLES OF MEN AND WOMENIn all societies the obvious biological difference between men and women is used as a excuse for forcing them into different favorable roles which limit and shape their attitudes and behavior. That is to say, no society is content with the vivid difference of sex, but each insists on adding to it a cultural difference of gender. The simple physical positions therefore endlessly become associated with complex psychological qualities. It is not enough for a man to be male he also has to appear masculine. A woman, in addition to being female, must also be feminine.However, once the pipeline between men and women has been increased and accentuated in th is fashion, it is usually taken as a further manifestation of biological differences which confirm the need for different social roles. Or, to put it another way, sex differences are used to construct gender differences which are accordingly explained as sex differences which, in turn, await gender differences, and so on. This may be no more than philippic reasoning, but it is socially very effective. For example, in our own patriarchal society males enjoy a socially dominant position. Thus, from an early age, boys are helped to acquire a masculinity that allows them to assume and maintain that position. By the same token, girls are taught to cultivate a submissive muliebrity. The resulting difference in the male and female character is hence described as inborn and used to react the existing power arrangement. Only those who accept it are normal, and only they can expect to succeed. The male social role is designed to reward masculine men, while the female social role offers its relative advantages only to feminine women. (The aggressive man will run the bigger business the pretty, harmonical woman will find the richer husband.) In other watchwords, masculinity and femininity are gender qualities which are developed in response to social discrimination. However, once they have been developed, they just nowify and cement it. The masculine and feminine gender roles mutually reinforce each other and thereby perpetuate the discrimination on which they are based. Obviously, this psychological mechanism can operate only as long as the behavior of men and women does not appal the generally accepted limits. Every society tries therefore to prevent much(prenominal) transgressions by calling the socially defined gender roles intrinsic, eternal, and unchangeable. Any person who refuses to accept them is persecuted as a deviant and punished as an wrongdoer not only against society, but against nature itself. An historical example of such(prenominal) devi ance is the case of Joan of Arc who, as a young girl, not only led the French army to victory over the English, but also wore male clothing. In her later trial she was promptly charge of having thus violated the laws of nature.Over the centuries, many people have, of form, wondered why allegedly natural roles should need such rigorous social enforcement. by and by all, if they were truly natural, they would come course to both men and women. However, it is noteworthy that the advocates of the so-called natural inequality of the sexes resent nothing more than letting nature take its course. Yet, if their arguments were square(a), there would be no need to deny women equal opportunities, since they would be unable to compete with men. If women were naturally inferior, men would have nothing to fear. Therefore, the fact that many men do fear such competition raises fitting doubt as to the validity of their claim.The truth is that human desires and capacities have a magnetic incli nation to go beyond the narrow limits of our traditional gender roles. Indeed, it takes a constant combined effort by all social political science to keep this tendency under control. Such social control appears not only externally, in the form of parental guidance, peer-group pressure, and law enforcement, but also internally in the form of concepts and values which determine the self-image of every individual, and it is in the individual mind where the confusion of sex and gender can earn the most serious problems.For instance, men and women who feel that they do not fit the masculine and feminine stereotypes, or who resent them as too restrictive, may also develop ambiguous feelings about their biological sex. They may arrest to wish for different bodies which would allow them to play a role more to their liking. Or, to take another example, since men have been told that women are socially and sexually peaceful, they are usually gravely disturbed by encountering a woman who is socially aggressive and who takes the initiative in sexual intercourse. Confronted with this lack of femininity in a woman, a man may feel tempted to departure her womanhood. If this contention does not hold up in face of the evidence, he may instead begin to doubt his own masculinity and become sexually dysfunctional. Conversely, a handsome, gentle, and passive male may invite raillery and may be denounced as a pervert or queer. significant women may regard him as less than a real man and therefore reject him as a sexual partner.However, the confusion goes stock-still further. The notion that in every sexual encounter there has to be one active (masculine) and one passive (feminine) partner is so relentless that it not only ruins many heterosexual relationships, but also influences the behavior of certain homosexuals who feel compelled to model themselves after these stereotypes. By doing so, they give support to the curious principle that even in sexual relationships between members of the same sex, there always has to be one to play the man, while the other must assume the role of the woman. There is, in fact a general impression that every homosexual couple (whether male or female) consists of one active, masculine and one passive, feminine partner. People who hold this belief are, of course, at a total loss to explain phenomena like the celebrated homosexual elite troops of ancient Greece, which consisted entirely of male lovers. every of these views are based on a wrong purpose raddled from a false assumption. The false assumption states that women are naturally passive, while men are naturally active. The wrong conclusion asserts that every passive person is playing a feminine role and that every active person is playing a masculine role. However, in actual fact neither sex nor gender need be characterized in this fashion. After all, in some human societies the role assignment for men and women is the run off of our own. In short, there is not hing natural or definite about our sexual stereotypes. By the same token, full human equality will not be achieved until it becomes conceivable to both sexes that active and passive attitudes can be appropriate for either of them, and that even dickens active or two passive partners can have a rewarding relationship.This does not mean that, in an ideal future, all human differences will disappear. Indeed, once the old stereotypes have been discarded, the differences between individuals within each sex are likely to increase. Furthermore, under conditions of social equality, these individuals may also happily happen to play different gender roles. There should be no need to point out that there is nothing wrong with gender differences as such. They can greatly enrich our lives, as long as we understand that, in human beings, different does not have to mean superior or inferior. In other words, those who demand equal rights for men and women are not asking for drab uniformity, but f or a social temper in which variety can flourish without being exploited.The following pages first elaborate further on the basic concepts of sex and gender and therefore offer a brief discussion of the different moral standards for men and women.Male logic and Womens IntuitionThe split in our thinking between masculine and feminine is plausibly as old as wording itself. Human beings seem to have a natural tendency to divide things into matess good/bad, light/dark, subject/object and so on. It is not surprising, then, that the male/female or masculine/feminine dichotomy is used to associate things other than men and women. Many wordings actually classify all nouns as masculine or feminine (although not very conformablely for example, the Spanish masculine noun pollo means hen, while the feminine polla is slang for penis). This is perfectly natural it is part of the way categorisation works in language. This does not, however, mean that it is right. It is belike unimportant whether a table or a chair is scene of as masculine or feminine. It may not even be very important these days whether we think of the sun as male and the moon as female (like the ancient Greeks) or vice versa (like most of the German tribes). However, when we start associating mulct concepts like Reason or personality with men and women, we run into serious difficulties.The association of Reason with men and record with women is well- get laidn, and has been widely criticised. Aristotle defined Man as a rational animal, and by that he really meant men, not human beings. Unlike Plato, he truism women as less able to reason, hence less human and more animal. In Europe, well into the twentieth century, women were generally seen as in some way intellectually deficient. An English woman recently became Oxfords oldest graduate be guinea pig although she had completed her degree course in the 1920s, at that time the university did not award degrees to female students. presumably it would have decreased the status of the university to award degrees to an intellectually inferior sexNearly all societies, from hunting and gathering tribes to post-industrial nations, offer some kind of compensation to those who lose out in the status game. For example, among the practically matricentric Zuni Indians of New Mexico, the economically powerless men were credited with the ability to hasten rain. Black slaves in the American South were thought to be naturally stronger (which they generally were), amend at music and dancing (which they may have been) and more cheerful (highly unlikely for slaves, but a good justification for treating them badly). In the same way, women are compensated for their supposed inability to think rationally by a mysterious womens intuition. Attempts were made to cut this in biological terms women were seen as naturally more emotional and/or in touch with Nature because of their strange biology (menstruation, hormones, vapours or whatever). T his was about as scientific as the Zuni Indians theory that men could make rain.Men and women are, of course, biologically different. There are even significant differences in male and female brains women, for example, have a thicker corpus callosum (the thing that connects the two halves of the brain). However, it is a giant leap from observing that there are neurological differences between the sexes to assuming that these differences correspond to the classic Reason/Nature or logic/emotion dichotomies. In fact, some of these differences may even assign the opposite. The left hemisphere of the brain generally deals with linear processing, as found in language and some types of mathematics, and this hemisphere develops faster in girls than in boys. The old 11 plus test of verbal reasoning used in British schools was actually adjusted to bring boys scores up to the level of girls Whatever the case, it is a mistake to look at peoples brains and then decide that they must think in a certain way it would be far better to try and find out how people actually think, and then to see if this corresponds to brain structure.When we talk about the way men and women think, we are actually dealing with not one, but at least three separate things how men and women usually think, how men and women can think, and how we think men and women think. Usually when we think we are looking at the first or second subjects, we are actually only describing the third. Since our main guide to how people think is their language, the fact that in most cultures men and women talk in different ways, and about different things, may lead us to false conclusions about the way they think in general. Womens conversation tends to emphasise feelings more, which may also mean that they think about feelings more. It does not, however, mean that woman are more emotional. It is perfectly possible that men are just as emotional, but for social reasons they talk (and think) about their feelings less. S imilarly, the fact that in most cultures men argue more about abstract things does not mean that men are naturally more logical, it just means that the things men prefer to talk about require logical argument more than they require expression of feelings. Obviously the more you argue, the better you get at it, hence the prejudice that men are in some manner biologically more logical. This would be like assuming that I am biologically better at speaking English (my first language) than Turkish (my second).Problems also arise with the actual words we use logic, reason, intuition and emotion. Logic is simply a set of principles for getting from something we already knew, to something we didnt. If we know that all cows eat grass, and we know that Daisy is a cow, we can use very simple logic to say that Daisy eats grass, even if we have never seen her eat anything. The more complex logic that we use in constructing philosophical arguments or designing computers is really only doing the same kind of thing. The word rational is a little more problematic, since it involves an assessment of aims and actions. If our aims are consistent with each other and our actions achieve our aims, then we can fairly say that we are behaving rationally. If we act in a way that prevents us from realising our aims, then we are behaving irrationally, or in other words, stupidly. For example, if I know that I will have a better relationship with my wife if I dont shout at her, but I still shout at her because I am in a bad mood, my problem is not that I am being emotional, it is that I am being stupid.The opposite of rational is not, then, emotional but irrational. If we set up a pair of opposites, rational/emotional, we are likely to make the assumption that women are more emotional and therefore irrational, which is a polite way of saying that women are stupid. While having strong emotions can sometimes interfere with your thought processes, this is not automatically the case. For exa mple, I often get quite excited when I am working on a new theory or project, but this usually makes my thinking better, not worse. Strong negative emotions such as rage, jealousy or depression are usually the result of irrational thinking as much as a cause of it, and men are just as vulnerable to this type of folly as women.Intuition is an even trickier concept. We usually say that we arrive at an idea or solution to a problem intuitively when we know something without knowing how we came to know it. A scientist may arrive at a new theory because the idea just pops into his or her head, or even turns up in a dream. You may get an intuitive feeling that a person is dishonest without actually having heard them say something you know to be untrue. In both these cases, what seems to be happening is that the mind stores and sorts information unconsciously, providing us only with the end result of this process. There is no guarantee, of course, that this conclusion will be true a scient ist would still have to discharge experiments to prove their intuitive theory, and you would probably want some hard evidence to prove that the person you feel is dishonest really does tell lies.There is therefore nothing particularly strange or mystical about intuition it is something we do all the time. Why, then, do we talk about womens intuition, as though men never arrive at a conclusion without consciously following all the stages that were necessary to reach it? Again, the answer is probably linguistic. As we have seen, traditionally womens conversation is less formal, less argumentative, and more concerned with feelings than mens conversation. Intuitive conclusions are therefore more acceptable in an all-female group. Men, on the other hand, are expected to argue more, and to argue more logically, presenting evidence in a systematic way to back up their conclusions. It is less socially acceptable in an all-male conversation (or a conversation where the men are doing most of the talking) to say Well guys, I dont know why, but I just get this kind of feeling that e=mc2.We can see, then, that these pairs of opposites, logic/intuition and rational/emotional, are not only false, but also damaging, particularly to women. It therefore surprising that some feminists actually support a version of this patriarchal nonsense. Particularly at the more spiritual end of the Radical Feminist community, there is a tendency to glorify womens intuition and closeness to Nature, and to avoid logic as somehow male, as though it were a psychological problem resulting from too much testosterone. The fact that men often use logic, or at least logical-sounding arguments, to put women in their place is not a jailbreak of logic, it is the fault of those mens sexism and lack of social skills. More innocently, men are often impeach of being too cold and logical, not because there is anything wrong with their ideas, but because they do not understand the unspoken rules of female conversation, in the same way that women are often accused of being illogical or emotional because they do not argue using the same language as men.If women reject logic and rely solely on feelings, they are left in the weak position of having to argue with feelings. Feeling that something is true does not make it true, and it will not convince anyone else that it is true either. You can say, I feel X, but the person you are arguing with can just as well reply, Well I dont. The result is that the argument usually goes nowhere. This is particularly damaging in arguments between men and women, since both sides are likely to go away with their prejudices strengthened the men think women are subjective, emotional and illogical, and the women think men are impersonal, cold and over-intellectual.To justify their feelings of hurt at being beaten in an argument, the women concerned may go further and dismiss the whole thing as male logic, as though there were two types of logic, on for men and anoth

Political Environment And Social Environment Marketing Essay

political Environment And Social Environment selling EssayWe contribute chosen snuggle as the keep federation that we would learn in this assignment because nest is a great(p) and swell know discriminateicipation in todays era of globalization and precise much slew-oriented, and attached to understanding its consumers needs by means of with(predicate) and through break the world in order to bid the best increases for peoples lives which would top it easier for us to obtain and analyse the learning unless about(predicate) their merchandise componentation, market environs, marketing mix and priming coat of hold close. Further much(prenominal)(prenominal), in all our members, Chia Poh Ling, lee Yue Xhing, Leow Jo Yee and Yvonne Tay argon more(prenominal) familiar with this ships order, which would process to make analysing and discussions go more smoothly.Nestl S.A. is the biggishst nutriment for thought for thought company in the world. It is a S wiss multinational nutritional, pungency food, and health-related consumer goods company headquartered in Vevey, Switzerland. The worlds leading food manufacturer and the market drawing card in both coffee and mineral water, produces a wind lam of results.As the leading food for thought, nutrition, health and wellness connection, Nestl is the provider of the best food for whatever time of day and for whatever time of your invigoration. Nestls carrefours embroil baby food, bottled water, breakfast cereals, coffee, confectionery, dairy proceedss, ice-cream, pet foods and snacks. The main sh atomic number 18holders of worlds largest cosmetics company, LOral is Nestl.The objectives of the Nestl S.A. argon to be recognized as the world attracter in Nutrition, Health and Wellness, trusted by all its stakeholders, and to be the citation for financial performance in its labor.1Nestl S.A is the worlds leading nutrition, health and wellness company with an unmated portfolio of more than 2,000 global and local stigmatizes. It has 468 factories spread all over 86 countries, and employs around 330,000 people. Its growths atomic number 18 sold in all(prenominal) country in the world.2Its agricultural run provide assistance to correct the quality and yield of the raw materials it uses.In 1867, the infant began to take the milk food supplement Henri Nestl had developed, and a life history was saved. The product, called Farine Lacte Nestl, was soon marketed throughout much of Europe, and a new stag take in began to take on life.Henri Nestl adopted his own coat of coat of arms as a trademark in 1867. Translated from German, Nestl is universally understood to construe nurturing and caring, security, nourishment and family bonding which is little nest and the now-famous symbol. The company Henri Nestl put ined as it fulfills its lading to Good Food, Good Life.In 1905, the Nestl troupe merged with the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company, the archetypic al condensed milk factory which opened in Switzerland in 1866. Nestl entered into the milk umber business in 1904 when Peter Kohler Swiss General Chocolate Company produced milk chocolate under the Nestl trademark. The chocolate company later linked the Nestl Group in 1929.While the original business was establish on milk and dietetic foods for children, the new Nestl grew and diversified its slog of products, through acquisitions and mergers with the break away known brands of the time.3Nestl began in Malaysia in 1912 as the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company in Penang and later, growth and expansion made a move to Kuala Lumpur necessary in1939. Since 1962, withits fit out-back factory in Petaling Jaya, Nestl Malaysia now manufactures its products in 7 factories and operates from its head government agency in Mutiara Damansara. The Company was publicly listed on the KLSE now known as Bursa Malaysia Berhad on 13 December, 1989. Today, the Company employs more than 5000 people and manufactures as well as markets more than 300 Halal products in Malaysia. Its brand name much(prenominal) has MILO, NESCAFE, MAGGI, NESPRAYand KIT KAT return become trusted family names and enjoyed for generations.4Market Segmentation, scrapeing and positioningMarket segmentation involves aggregating of prospective debauchers into mathematical groups, or segments that select common needs and forget respond similarly to a marketing action.5 clutch provide a big range of nutritive food and beverages for everyone to practice a balanced and wakeless diet and lifestyle. in that location argon four references of major segmentation variables for consumer markets which include geographic, demographic, psychographic and behavioral. Segment marketing has given the company a classer picture of their clients and competitors so that the company cease come up with a more fine-tuned products and services that satisfied customers needs. finished market segmentation, targeting an d positioning, come on nooky reach out to their customers more well and serve their customers more effectively and efficiently.SegmentationWe found out that snuggle tellify their market by development geographic, demographic and psychographic segmentation based on consumer characteristics. In geographic segmentation, nestle has divided their market into urban areas (cities) and rural areas (villages). Besides that, Nestle similarly uses demographic factor to segment its market, it consists on income level and educational level. The income level and educational level arouse be categorized as small-scale, midriff and high level consumers. asunder from that, Nestle uses psychographic factor to differentiate the market. The segmentation variables that Nestle uses are mortalality, kindly class and lifestyle. Nestle endure groups individuals according to their personalities such as extrovert, strict or energetic. Nestle divides their customers into low social class, medium social class and high social class.TargetingA target market is a voltage market that a company has decides to concentrate its marketing efforts and resources to enter those markets. Nestle segments its market by regions, income level, educational level, personalities, social class and lifestyle. By applying the data and observations that we get, we washbasin simply identify the target market of Nestle.In this typeface, we found out Nestle focuses on urban areas rather than rural areas. The using up of Nestle products is a good deal in cities as compared to villages. This may be imputable to income and educational level. The people in rural area mostly could non afford the products of Nestle as it is considered as luxuries. They do non drop strong sense of health consciousness due to educational background. This makes them the little attractive procureers.For segmentation by income level, Nestle has been targeting on those consumer who earn middle income and high income. P eople exit procure healthy and nutritious food and beverages when they have enough monetary resources to back up them. Those consumers with high income range to be the potential procureers for Nestle because they bring most bread into the company.Furthermore, for educational level Nestle tends to pay more attention to those consumers who has an education background. They will be more concern of their health and they will do more to celebrate it. Through education, we depose reform our knowledge and develop life skills which lav contribute to individual and community health. Those people with an education background are more likely to practice and maintain a healthy and balanced diet as they know health is more authorised than wealth.For personality segmentation, Nestle is targeting consumers who are more outgoing and outdoorsy. It is because they require more energy and nutrition that they have lost during their activities. By adapting nutritional introduce to physical n eeds, they can get the most from their body.6These people wish to maintain their energy level and quick recovery after a feverish day by adapting a balanced diet that provides them with essential nutrients and energy.In addition, from the social class and lifestyle segments, Nestle is targeting consumers who are belong to the higher social classes. They have high purchasing power so that they can afford more luxuries such as Nestles products. These people are the target market of Nestle because they tend to be more health conscious. Nestles products often emphasize on nutritional value and health benefits that can reform ones lifestyle and health issues.As conclusion, Nestle is able to reach out to their customers that it can serve best and most profitably. Through segmentation and targeting market, Nestle can enhance the profits for their company and increase effectiveness in their marketing campaigns.Positioning merchandise positioning refers to the military post an crack coca ineing occupies in consumers minds on important attributes relatives to matched products. Nestle positioned itself asthe world leader in Nutrition, Health and Wellness, trusted by all its stakeholders, and to be the reference for financial performance in its industry.7Nestle uses the slogan Good Food Good Life to enhance lives, throughout life, with good food and beverages.8Nutrition content in their products is the main focus to strengthen their leadership in nutrition industry. To remain their position in that industry, they must identify their competitive advantages against their competitors. Nestle has listed out four competitive advantages of their company that may help their company to compete with their competitors, that are unmatched product and brand portfolio, unmatched research and development (RD) capability, unmatched geographic presence and lastly people, culture, set and attitude9.For unmatched product and brand portfolio, Nestle provide the largest range of food and beverages among all the food company. Their products range from global icons to local favourites that can adapt to consumer needs, gustatory modalitys and preferences, making Nestle as a global brand that relevant to everyone and everywhere. Besides that, it is birthed by unmatched RD capability that improves the products through innovation and renovation so that it can meet consumer needs and enhances consumer benefits. Nestle spent over billions of dollar on its RD just to ensure its consumer gets the essential nutrition that their body needed.Nestle has an unmatched geographic presence competitive advantage due to the number of countries where they presence. They have been in most countries for over decades and successfully created a strong relationship among their brands and their consumers.10This alike heart that they have has plenty of time to study about the local preferences and behaviors to improve their products taste to match the locals preferences. The most impo rtant competitive advantage for Nestle is their people, culture, values and attitude. The Nestle culture created a strong bond between their people with a shared set of behaviors and values into a angiotensin-converting enzyme way of doing business. Their people are determined to deliver their goals as piece as creating value to the public.11merchandising environmentMarketing environment consists of microenvironment (internal environment) and macroenvironment (external environment). It embraces all the marketing team inside a firm and includes all the after-school(prenominal) factors of marketing that affect the teams ability to develop and maintain successful customer relationships with their targeted customer group.12Nestle is using it to improve customer relationship focal point and adapt new strategies when it comes to challenges and opportunities.MicroenvironmentSuppliersSuppliers are the one who delivered the resources needed by the company to produce the products or servi ces to the consumers. Any problems that incurred in supplier can greatly affect the company trades and damage customer relationship. We can divide the suppliers of Nestle into 2 groups that are labour suppliers and material suppliers.13 task suppliers are in charge of the tack on of labour required by the company to optimize their production level. Labour strikes and labour relations are the most important factor to maintain labour satisfaction for company to improve their efficiency. For material suppliers, they deal with the materials needed by the company to place the finished goods on rack. The quality of the material is everything that the company focuses on as Nestle is in the food and beverages industry. By maintaining the quality and quantity of these dickens supplies, Nestle is able to produce high quantity product to refer their sales batch and customer satisfaction in the long run.Marketing intermediariesIt helps the company to promote, sell and distribute its prod uct to the final buyers.14The physical dispersal firms design the delivery chain for the company products to reach their final destination. The firms also in charge with the products safety without getting any damage tour storing them temporarily. Marketing service agencies of the company helps to target and promote its products to the right market.15It acts as a communication head between the customers and the company by explaining the features of the product and providing feedback with the help of survey for the company to improve the quality of the product.16Banks and insurance companies are financial intermediaries that help to provide monetary resources and protection to the product and company against risk that may be occurred during the operation of the company. Nestle works together with all marketing intermediaries to ensure their valuable customers have a clear image of their products features. customerNestle sells its goods to reseller markets that provide the goods t o final user at a reasonable profit. Nestle also deals with customer markets which consists of individuals and households that buy a wide range of its products. Nestle works hard on making the product uncommitted whenever the customer needs them to maintain customer satisfaction.MacroenvironmentPolitical environment and Social EnvironmentNestle adhere to the laws and regulations that involve in its activities and the environment. The government may set quotas on the quantity of the products that it can supply and set the come up of taxes that the company must pays in order to cope the business. To achieve a balance between them, Nestle participates in legislative and regulatory discussions between international organizations, government representatives, industry, scientific community and consumer associations.17In 2000, Nestl and former(a) chocolate companies created the World Cocoa Foundation. The WCF takes control of the issues that cocoa farmers facing, which is inefficient f arming techniques and poor environmental management. The WCF aims to increase farmer income, promote sustainable farming techniques, and launch environmental and social programmes.18Economic environmentCustomer purchasing power is majorly affected by a range of scotch factors such as income levels, inflation, taxes, unemployment, exchange rates and mortgage rates19. The disposable income and living standard of a country may bring big business opportunities for Nestle or the former(a) way round.Cultural environmentBefore Nestle start its operation in any country, it mainly focus on studying the societys cultural value, preferences and behaviors. This is because Nestle hopes its products can be accepted by the local with warm welcome and be competitive among some other companies that operating at the same level.20Technological environmentTechnologies are the vital part of Nestle RD. Investment in technology will definitely help the company to reduce production monetary value and im prove product quality. For example, Nestle have developed technologies that allow them to use indispensable vegetable oils instead of partially hydrogenated fats in Maggibouillon cubes and seasonings.21With the help of technology improvement, Nestle can create healthier products across their product range and thus improve health and quality of life in a country. reapingWe choose Nestl since it is a brilliant and well known example of where as the superior quality, patented technology and basically selling directly to consumers and this wholly business is growing rapidly.22The certified Halal status for all Nestl Malaysia products provides trust and pledge that Nestl products are manufactured, imported and distributed under the strictest and tightest hygienic and sanitary groom in accordance, match to the Islamic faith.23The beverages offered by Nestl is milo, a jam jam-packed with the natural goodness of malt, skimmed milk and cocoa for that great chocolatey taste loved by Mala ysians from all walks of life as a unfermented Food Drink. MILO 3in1 offers the great taste of MILO in a more convenient format that easily prepare for your breakfast. Have a delicious goodness of a can of Milo whenever you go to keep energized. There are original, Mocha and Hi-Cal flavors of Milo Can. Bring home the icy delicious taste of the MILO Sejuk, just add cold water, its that easy. Milo UHT, MILO with the same energy-packed, rich chocolatety taste also comes in adept ready to drink packs escpecially during festival.Nestl has employed a wide-area strategy for Asia that involves producing different products in each country to supply the region with a given product from one country such as Nestl produces soy milk in Indonesia, coffee creamers in Thailand, soybean flour in Singapore, candy in Malaysia, and cereal in the Philippines, all for regional statistical dissemination.intersection FeaturesWhy do you like Milo? This is because Milo contain varying features and benefi ts, such asNatural Goodness of malt, skimmed milk, and cocoa.ACTIGEN-E a combination of 8 vitamins and 4 minerals which helps in theoptimal release of energy.PROTOMALT a malt extract with a assortment of different Carbohydrates thatprovides energy and nutrients the body needs24Product BrandingIt is very important and vital because a brand is a term, name, sign, symbol, or design, or combination of these, that identifies the products or services of one seller or group of sellers and distinguishes them from those of competitors.25Branding helps the seller to segment markets, helps buyers and consumers identify products that might benefits them. For example, rather than just offering one general product to all customers, Nestl can offer the different Koko Krunch, Honey Star, Nestle Bliss, Nescaf, Maggi, Nestle La Cremeria, Tropicana, and Kit Kat. In line with the Nestl position as a trusted food, nutrition and wellness company, Nestl also focused on nourishing Malaysians to achieve ov erall wellness and deliver their promise to bring Good Food, Good Life to the people from all walks of life.26PackagingIn todays era of globalization, for consumers, refreshing, ready-to-enjoy drinks are part of an projectile and energetic lifestyle whether at play, home or work. Going beyond healthy refreshment, convenience, and quality, Nestl works hard to ensure that all promotion including drinks packaging respects the environment. In 2009, Nestl was able to save 58995 tonnes of packagingmaterial (paper, board, plastic, glass, metal) through its efforts to prevent food waste, guarantee their high quality.The approach includes many go such asdecrease the volume and weight of packaging materialsusing recycled making material in packaging content wherever vividsupporting local packaging recycling and energy recovery activities luck customer to understand and take action to recycle more packaging27LabelingLabel, is a part of packaging to perform several functions like identi fies the product or brand, describe several things about the product who made it, where it was made, when it was made, its contents, how it is to be used, and how to use it safely, and lastly is to promote the brand, support its positioning, and connect with customers.28Nutritionists and scientistshas corporate tariff through food labeling, like Nestle has provided the details of the nutrients that the average person needs to consume each day, so that consumers could easily understand. The symbols on the auxiliary were designed to show the amount of nutrition contains of Milo.Product Support workCustomer service is another element of product strategy, which can be a minor part or a major part of customer service.29Nestle, one of the worlds largest food and nutrition company, has been a popular food brand in India for nearly a century, which include head office, manufacturing plants and limb offices spread all over India. Nestle offers excellent customer support for their produc ts and if you need any assistance from their customer support team, following information through browsing internet will help you to get in touch with Nestle customer care division easily and more quickly.Approach Nestle customer-care via onlineVisithttp//www.nestle.in/and you can find information about many brands and products like Milk products and baby food, prepared products, beverages, chocolate and confectionaries, yogurts, drinks and so forthIf you have any request, query, interest, concern or complaint, submit the form at http//www.nestle.in/contact_us.aspx.You can submit Maggi related information athttp//www.maggi.in/contact_us.aspx.You can chidehttp//www.starthealthystayhealthy.in/, which is a site special to mothers and new born babies.PlacePlace, also known as distribution and it involves company activities that make the product available to target consumers. It must be as conveniently available as mathematical that the customers want the product and service. Choosing the right product channel of distribution is key to the success of an organization because it will affect the sales volume of a company. This shown that selecting a place is very important and challenging for every company.Distribution ChannelNestle are subject intensive distribution where a firm tries to place their products into outlets as many as possible to meet the needs of consumers whenever. Nestle has developed distribution bring which to make sure the provision of products that the consumers able to purchase it whenever and wherever.30Hence, Nestle attempts to provide as many outlets as possible and expand it. Nestle uses two types of channel intermediaries that are jobber and retailer and it is convenient for Nestle because both channels have a lot of advantages in high number of ordering, piffling period of time to shipment, and have a large number of customers.31 retail merchant and wholesaler as their intermediaries between a producer and consumer where the products from the producer to the consumer through the retailer or wholesaler.32Nestle as the producer and distribute their products to wholesaler or directly to retailer then retailer sells the goods and products to consumer.Location lash-up StoresA small store which is located near a residential area or along the roadside and it usually open 24 hours such as 7-eleven, petrol stations, rest stops, and so on. Consumers can buy Nestle products at the convenience stores because Nestle tries to ensure the availability of products so that the consumers able to purchase it whenever and wherever. Consumers are more convenience and easily to buy Nestle products.SupermarketsA large, low-cost, low- moulding, high-volume, self-service operation designed to serve the consumers gist needs for grocery and household products such as Jusco, Tesco, Carrefour, and so forth. Supermarkets have a huge selection of products available for consumers at low values. So, consumers can choose Nestle products which b ased on their needs then purchase it at low harms because supermarkets offer many choices for Nestle products compare with other small stores.SuperstoresA store much larger than a secureness supermarket that offers a large assortment of routinely purchased food products, nonfood items, and services such as Walmart. Superstores stock huge stocks Nestle products purchasing them in large lots. So, the determines of products are cheaper. Consumers can take advantage of these price savings with buy a lot of various kinds of Nestle products such as Milo, Nescafe, Nestea, and so on. Consumers are saving greatly on time, effort, and money.PriceA product price influences wages, rent, interests, and profits, of course some prospective customers are interested in low prices, where as another segment is more concerned with other factors, such as service, quality, value, and brand image.Nestl estimated and predicted the cost by doing accumulated production as if they produced mass production so it reduced their labored cost and other cost for production process its a big advantages and benefits of the Nestl company who produce large quantity of units. With the help accumulated and estimated the production Nestl Company has a low cost of production and high profit margin and Nestl Company selecting a price method of going rate price because their set near the competitor set. A good example is Nestle juices have a market leader in beverage industry and lastly Nestl set the final pricing related to their market competitors so Nestl price do not have impact on the company policy, and other marketing activities.33Flexible and elastic prices are the key factors of success of Nestl in global market, for example Milkpak world the largest selling brand is being sold out at the same price as that of other lower quality products while maintaining its quality. Their marketing strategy includes a wide range of pricing strategy, and by doing this they can retain and keep their pr oduct rates at a sustainable position. Prices are affordable and have enough money to buy to almost all types of consumers as they have wide range of single product as in the case of beverages, fruit juices are affordable to low economy class and high-priced tin packed beverages are also doing business in the market. mickle purchase discount is also provided at the whole sale markets as well as at the market stores and besides seasonal price variations are also seen, especially in the case of chocolate products, every by upsizing at the same price or reducing the sale price.34Price StrategyPrice strategy is a basic, long-term pricing structure, which creates the initial price for a product and the intended direction for price movements over the product life cycle. There are three type of pricing strategy which is Market-Skimming Pricing, Market-Penetration pricing. Nestle Malaysia at present practicing penetration pricing to market Milo which is away where Nestle charges a relativ ely low price for a product (Milo) at the beginning as a way to reach the mass market.Establishing Price GoalMarketers have two choices whether to use profit towards profit maximization or satisfactory pricing. The trafficker need to have an understanding of trends and changes in the market place to set a goal, mission and vision. If Nestle Milo has decided to go for profit maximization objective, they must be able to afford large amount of investment. It is not difficult to follow competitors pricing but they may not have the best to think about cost, demand and changes in Product Life Cycle. So they have to require a careful and thorough analysis before setting the price.35Price Tactic Diagram34-9c9f2ae321Product Bundle PricingIn United States and Canada,Hagen-Dazs products are produced by Nestl and come in several traditional flavors. The example of price roll up is Haagen-dazs, a company which is famous as

How Could Religion Cause Violence Religion Essay

How Could Religion Cause Violence Religion leavenHow could religious belief dress violence? Almost all devotions around the institution ar based on love, peace and order. They all control reliable rules and principles that hold love, peace, and order together within a society, but as the widely kn suffer saying states Rules argon baset to be broken m both an(prenominal) mickle twist and misinterpret the tabu texts like the Bible, the Quran, the Torah, etc. all the analogous though religions around the world argon considered to be peaceful and harmless, nonwithstanding every single religion in the world and its texts have been construe or misinterpreted. The results of this argon motivation and defense for violence. This essay will look the various causes for violence in the religions around the world, and it will closely discuss that violence is, in fact, caused by the moundes who practice religion, instead of religion itself, influenced by opposite factors o utside of it.Religion does posses a potential for extremism because it deals with ingrained liaisons. People tummy compromise with small disputes over borders and territory, but mess can non compromise with the will of God since it is absolute. However, religion should be based on love, but it can quickly be transformed into the opposite-hatred. It is the same as the passionate love between a man and a cleaning lady can be transformed into murderous jealousy. Often enough religion has been viewed as the prime suspect for violence between heathenish groups or within them. Religion can cause violence by misapprehension of the messages that the sacred texts are supposed to send, and a lot of the sacred texts are, in fact, misinterpreted and because of that, extremists find inspiration and skillfulification that it is in their religion that they have to accomplishment violence upon others (Hitchcock).A lot of the ancient and modern, major conflicts are considered to be connected to religion in some way. Any religion can be used as an excuse for violence. For physical exertion, The Crusade Wars resulted in a lot of bloodshed on both Christian and Muslim sides of the host conflict. Jews have committed genocide over nations for the sole reason to follow up their cause. The war in 1991 in Yugoslavia pitted Catholic, Orthodox Christians, and Muslims against each other in a very bloody war. Violence in religion even exceeds conflicts between different ethnic groups it also happens within the same ethnic groups. In Burma, thousands of monks are being tortured and executed. Also during the Christian Reformation thousands of heap were killed because of their religious beliefs. All of the followers of these religions believed that they were doing the right thing by going to war to protect their religion, eradicate the heretics or non believers, or to gain control over the sanctum sanctorum land (Hopfe).On the contrary, every religion in the world is a peaceful one. In not one single religion that exists or existed, in both medieval and present, preaches violence to solutions of existential problems. In every single one of the sacred texts, the Torah, the Quran, the Bible, the Theravadas and all the others, there are principles and rules that require people to abide by them. These principles forbid murder, stealing, or doing some(prenominal) harm to any human, and sometimes any other being in the world. They are based on jurist and impartiality, they dont tolerate terrorism or any other build of extremism, in fact, they condemn it.In all of the examples that were stated above, it would seem that religious beliefs of people are the reason for major conflicts and various violent acts. That is not the causal agency in fact, the true reasons violence ever happens are stinting, political, and even ethnic disputes. Even in the cultures that religion plays a vital part of unremarkable life there is nothing like a pure religious conflict. Th ere is always some other outside factors involved. It could never be, and it never has been broad enough to cause terrorism or any kind of extreme violence. People only use religion as a justification for a violence rhetoric or behavior (Cline). For example, economic science play a major role in conflicts that are attributed to religion. many a(prenominal) soldiers that fought in the crusades went for the wealth they would acquire from all the plundering they would do, aside from liberating the consecrated land from the Muslims. The Muslims, on the other hand, they can also be seen fight for the economic perspective. They fought to preserve their recently conquered land, to protect and harvest the resources from it and collect taxes from the people that live there. So if the sole reason people go into these conflicts is their economic gain, than when the economic factor is taken out of the equation, people wont have anything to conflict about the justification would be removed. So this same example should be considered for religion also. Even if religion is not the factor, it could still be called a religious conflict, if justifications are provided by religion. The existence of other factors mean that the removal of religion tycoon not end the conflict, but the removal of the primary justifications and explanations would have to make significant changes in how the conflict is unsounded and pursued, not to mention its ultimate goals (Cline). This means that religion is only the justification for a conflict, and when religion is removed from a conflict the real reasons are exposed the reasons like hatred and greed for power and wealth. In fact, just because a lot of the people who engage in violence, like warfare and terrorism in the world happen to be religious, or song any kind of religion and religious doctrines as their reasons for acting, doesnt necessarily mean that religion caused them to do those things. Indeed, for every violent religious extr emist, there are many more people living peacefully aside from them who work on their same beliefs but just choose to act in a different way. For example, for every violent Al Qaida Muslim terrorist in the world, there are many more innocent, Muslim people simply stressful to go about their lives, and if they sympathize with Al Qaida, they are not agreeing with any violent extreme, which makes a huge difference in perspective. What about people that say that they act in accordance with their religion and wage holy wars? Even if the people believe that statement, the religious doctrine itself is not the cause of violence instead, the person that acts with that justification is the cause of violence. People wage wars, religions do not. They simply use it as a tool to bring and blend others so they can achieve their personal, egoistic goals. In other words, religion is being used as an excuse by holy warriors that do not tolerate other religions. If they understand any kind of bare( a) will or the concept of human individualism, than they will realize that it is not the doctrine, rhetoric or the religion, but it is the individual that is responsible for his or her own actions (Newell).Although religion is still considered to preach peace and love, some of the messages religion sends are misinterpreted by individuals, which is the cause of violence. The biggest reason violence is connected to religion is because individuals that are driven by greed and hatred towards other religions, twist the views of a particular religion, and present their deferred standpoint to others, so by involving God or any other supreme being they would get more followers. It is not the religion or the belief itself, but it is the actions of the individual that cause mass damage and violence between people. If perhaps people actually lived the honorable principles and not the interpretations of the principles of religion like charity, forgiveness, and personal accountability, the worl d might, it just might be a better place (Newell).

Minimum Wage: Exploitation through a Subsistent Wage

Minimum operate developing through a Subsistent WageThe Raising of the Minimum Wage victimisation through a Subsistent WageI. IntroductionFor many years in the United States the minimum lock has not aligned with the cost of living. minor wage workers typically earn the minimum wage and brush offnot sustain themselves receiv able to the constant rise of housing, food, and health c be. The middle class manipulates the proletariat through using with a subsistent wage that rarely increases. In this essay, I aim to license that the elite cause a class affair to keep the bourgeoisie in power to maintain a hegemony over the dispirit class.II. The elect(ip) PerspectiveIn a New York Times article titled, higher(prenominal)(prenominal) Minimum Wage May Have Losers, Noam Scheiber highlights that many cities and states are considering facts of life the minimum wage, however some economists and business owners warn that a lift may be problematic for business owners and current g rim wage workers. At the annual Ameri fundament Economic Association, Economics professor legerdemain Horton Of New York University de proceedred an essay concerning an sample he did regarding raising the minimum wage. utilise an online platform, employees post jobs anonymously. Workers then submit an hourly wage competing for them. Scheiber statesMr. Horton, working with the platform, was able to impose a minimum wage random on unmatchable-quarter of just about 160,000 jobs posted over roughly a month and a half(a) in 2013. If a worker proposed an hourly wage that was below the minimum, the platforms package asked him or her to raise the bid until it cleared the threshold. (cite)At prima facie, the experiment demonstrated that when the minimum wage increased there was little if no decline in hiring. However, the hours a worker spent on a job fell for the jobs that were lower wage before the study. In addition, Horton claimed that employers were hiring to a greater extent pro ductive works to compensate for the lost earnings from the adjusted higher wage. Consequently, the lower wage workers were less productive, according to Horton, and thus lost their jobs. He concluded that raising the minimum wage could cost low-skilled workers their jobs, as employers switch them with higher productive individuals. Additionally, some economists claim that the to a greater extent productive workers that do not take the jobs from the low skilled workers give also essential a pay raise, which may cause more economic issues. Furthermore, others such(prenominal) as Zane Tankel, chief executive of Applebees restaurant infers that higher wages will accelerate automation, which will offset costs and leave may workers jobless.1III. A Sociological CritiqueHortons data is tailored to benefit the bourgeoisie and highlights how the individuals in elite position help maintain a hegemony over the lower class. Consequently, the proletariat is prone a subsistent wage and is vic timised for their labor. Marx claimed that the worker is given just enough pay to survive and have a family and children so that when the worker falters, the children can take over the subsistent wage.2 Hortons experiment highlights how the worker is exploited with a subsistent wage. In addition, his data demonstrates that low wage workers will discharge their jobs to the high output workers. This conflict amongst the two workers causes what Marx termed alienation. Marx defined it asthe breakdown of, the separation, from, the natural interconnection between people and their productive activities, the products they produce, the confrere workers with whom they produce those things, and with what they are authorityly capable of becoming.3This alienation keeps individuals from achieving their full potential and keeps them in a subservient state.Scheibers article contains a comment from Applebees executive who states that forced higher wages will accelerate automation, thus more empl oyees will lose their jobs. The inference that workers will be replaced faster by automation demonstrates that the bourgeoisie does not value the labor that the proletariat loses for a meager wage. Marxist theory states that all value comes from the labor and is then traceable, in capitalism, to the proletariat.4 The bourgeoisie does not recognize this value and further exploitation of the surplus value that is extracted from the worker. Scheibers article demonstrates that Horton neglects the conflict between classes and actually helps the elite in a bias fashion.IV. SolutionOne may analyse if the worker and capitalist comprehend the magnitude of the conflict between them. Marx would anticipate that, both the proletariat and the capitalists bourgeoisie have an inaccurate sense of themselves, their relationship to one another, and the way in which capitalism operates.5 While this may be unbowed that the average individual or business owner is unaware of this conflict and holds fa lse consciousness, it is unlikely that Professor Horton is ignorant of these conflicts. While some are aware and have false consciousness, it is crucial that the majority of both capitalists and workers puzzle aware or have class consciousness-the ability of a class, in particular the proletariat, to overcome false consciousness and attain an accurate sense of the capitalist system.6 Additionally, once this consciousness is achieved, then the workers must engage in what Marx termed praxis, or the idea that people, especially the proletariat, must take concrete serve in order to overcome capitalism. This solution of praxis is extreme and workers can most likely keep some form of capitalism but demand a proper wage. The consciousness compounded with praxis can even out the conflict between the classes and articles concerning the debate over low wages would be nonexistent.V. ConclusionThe article Higher Minimum Wage May Have Losers, highlights the conflict that individuals such as H orton create between the workers and capitalists. The conflict between the two creates what Marx claimed to be a loss of clement potential through exploitation, alienation of surplus value, and the fact that workers work and live under a subsistent wage. The solution is class consciousness and praxis that results in change.Bibliography1 Cite article2 Pg 263 Pg 244 265 276 28

Southern View of Religion in Lillian Smith’s Killers of the Dream Essay

southerly View of Religion in Lillian Smiths Killers of the Dream Our first lesson about God make the deepest impression on us. We were t aged(prenominal) that He loved us, and then we were told that He would burn d have us in everlasting flames of hell if we displeased Him. We were told we should love Him for He pisss us everything good that we have, and then we were told that we should fear Him because He has the power to do evil to us whenever He cares to. We learned from this part of the lesson another that people, like God and parents, can love you and hate you at the same measure and though they may love you, if you displease them they may do you spectacular injury hence being loved by them does not give you protection from being harmed by them. We learned that They (parents) have a right wing to act in this bureau because God does, and that They in a consciousness represent God, in the family.-Lillian Smith, Killers of the Dream, p. 85 This short passage introduces the first of numerous paradoxes and contradictions that dominate the Southern way of life that Smith depicts in Killers of the Dream. It is suit that Smith (and her contemporaries) should remember their first lesson about God as a terrifying self-contradiction, because this theme perpetuates itself in the Southern view of religion. It lays the framework for a theological doctrine that banishes a person to the flames of hell for taking a sip of alcohol, yet turns its head as human beings banish others to the ghettos and old slave quarters for having dark skin. This passage also creates a replicate between the white people and their role as the God of Southern society. Smith states, We were told we should love Him for He gives us everything good that we have, and then we were told that... ...hild understands his race with God and his parents as such, it is fairly natural that he will formulate up to perpetuate a facsimile of that relationship between himself and his own children an d the black community, both environments in which he is God. Smith summarizes her description of her earliest lesson with We learned that They (parents) have a right to act in this way because God does, and that They in a sense represent God, in the family. This satirical presentation of the word right in parentheses both the parental and the societal desire for the white man to play God. However, Smith ironically intimate that God does not act this way, He is simply drawn into the examination as an unwitting testimonial justifying the behavior that society wants to believe is right, notwithstanding their gnawing knowledge that it is far from right, and far from human, or humane.

People and Food Essay examples -- essays research papers

" plenty AND FOOD People ar for the most part clueless when it comes to food. paragon forbid you might in reality cook something at home. Have you incessantly noticed the size of the frozen food sections at grocery stores? They argon fucking huge Throwing a pizza pocket in the microwave oven is NOT prep bedness. I constantly see plenty with their shopping carts plenteous with yummy frozen reliableness. LAZY FUCKS Included in that demographic be those who rely on the food delivery industry. Ther isnt much you masst buzz off brought right to your front door these days. I confirm a neighbor who I would bet has food delivered at least four days a week. How lazy shtup you get? I guess it has a lot to do with how you be brought up. If your parents sucked at cooking oe pumped you full of frozen dinners I guess you would probably do the same as an adult. I descry it interesting what people deliberate to be graceful dining. Outback, Olive Garden, RED FUCKING LOBSTER?? We are taking mom out for her birthday, someplace nice, how about Red Lobster? be you fucking kidding me? That place has some of the worst food I have ever had the displeasure of consuming I am NOT a picky eater and the only thing I can coif to eat t here are the little cheasy bisquit thingys. What is the draw of that place? I dont get it. Anyone who thinks that place is good was raised in a bubble and never given the chance to have whatsoever real food. At least the menu at Outback and the OG are somewhat edible. The problem is people actually perceive these places as fine dining FUCK THAT Its overpriced mediocre crap that you can get by pulling off of any friggin off act in the country. I think thats part of the draw, its a safety net of sorts. People dont want to risk of exposure trying someplace new so they go with what they already know. fetch on people get some balls In the City I live in we have a small hole in the wall steak house that has been around forever. It has rec eived awards from Sunset magazine for the fibre of their steaks. One day Im in line at a local grocery store. The people in front of me bear the checker to recommend a place to get a good steak in town. She says go to Outback they are great I was view to myself WHAT THE FUCK ARE YOU TALKING ABOUT LADY So I say what about Jacks? she says well Ive lived here for twenty years and have never been able to get into jack up because the wait is... ...siness anytime soon. My wife and I lived in Missouri (misery) for a mates years. We moved in that location due to a job opportunity. There are many things different about the mid west. The list is too thumping for me to really go into. There is one thing I find interesting though. They have an appetizer they visit toasted ravioli. gaint get me wrong, they are tasty little buggers but there is nothing toasted about them. They are DEEP FRIED you jackasses dense fried cheese filled raviolis served with marinara sauce on the side. Just c all them what they are you freaky mid west bastards Here is something I have never understood. People who absolutely have to have the crust aloof from their bread before they eat it. What the?.is there some poison in crust Im not aware of? How much of a wussy freak do you have to be? These are just people who were brought up by fucked up parents. How in the hell does individual suddenly decide that they will drop dead from eating a little crust? Its the same fucking shit as the rest of the bread just a little darker. Now they actually produce crust-less bread for these fucking morons. I bet Jeffery Dahmer removed his crusts."lol convey Rich

my last duchess Essay -- essays research papers

Poets often use literary techniques to clearly beat the personalities of their loudspeakers. InMy Last Duchess, Robert Browning uses point of view, diction, and imagery to achievea tidy effect, underlining the attitude and personality of the Duke. In a dramatic monologue, character instruction is based on what the speakersays, and how he says it. In My Last Duchess, the speaker of the monologue addressesa fictional audience, and the reader is seen as an unnoticed trey party. It is because of thisviewpoint that the reader is able to analyze the words and actions of the Duke, gaininginsight into his brio and personality that he is not aware of giving. While the poet uses hiswords to convey his intended meaning, it is up to the reader to draw his own conclusion, by dint of the witnessed events and conversation. His unequivocal and possessive nature mustinessbe inferred of the Dukes character from the elan he speaks, just as the details of thesetting and situation must be infer red from his own words. Although the reader is notdirectly spoken to in the poem, evaluation of the Dukes showy attitude can be inferredthrough his concern with the artwork and his nonchalant description of his wife, which isnoticed by the uninvolved reader. The Duke wants to present himself as a powerful and sophisticated man, and hedoes so in the beginning. However, as he ...