Information Communication Technology Ethics Essay Example for Free

Information Communication Technology morals EssayReflection (1)Philosophy Ethics allows us to breakout of prejudices and harmful habits that we held since we were too young or too nave to bang advance. Also allows us to see and appreciate other views of the world and study it to see the consequences of our views, because what we think know might not be right inconsistent. What is Ethics? Ethics deals with what we should and should not do, what acts are intelligent and wrong . Ethics in my point of view is a very crucial yet afflictive controversial topic (Fluffy?). As clements there are defiantly dos and donts since the day of our birth, but since this is molded and inferred by ones culture, community, circumstances.These rules tend to change from one place to another (region, family culture, religion), withal from multiplication to others (eras). It is important to have morals in our lives to co-exist as humans and have predictable consequences. The difficult ramify i s the sensitive part, where the state are not open enough for change, mosttimes not open tending(p) enough for simply discussing their morals, believes or their code of life, and just want to impose believes, culture, each form of ethics on others who dont want to follow (you cant please everyone when it comes to ethics). I personally follow somewhat a mixture of Deontological, virtue Ethics.Reflection (2)There is a difference amongst your molarity and your professional ethics, where your morality doesnt it always corresponds to the morality that your profession dictates. On the other pot the reason that a person would chooses a certain profession is because of its attractive value system that matches his/her morality and values, but its not always the case as discussed in class some people have the ability to switch entirely mingled with their personal and professional lives, and some might be put in a position that opposes their morality and they are fully responsible fo r their actions and fully aware(p) of the consequences that might follow.Ethics in information communication technology suss out is quite new, mainly because the study advancement in this system is fairly new as well, where its constantly changing and developing. The discipline now also occupied a huge rule in our daily lives, where we are around always in contact with technology from the moment we wake up till the moment we sleep.digital media significantly now alters our ethical responsibility on one another, because now we live in the digital world we cant assume that our ways work for everyone, since the world not too retentive ago wasnt that close, actions and data didnt travel that fast, people and cultural ethics were preserved and seldom affected. In the meantime now data is flying everywhere the once local is now globular in minutes maybe seconds and its just too soon unstudied cultural shocks and misinterpretation occur more often, but with this misunderstanding wit h the right people is corrected for good and others misconceived for good. By these experiences some therefore ethically knowing the cultural difference would tend to rethink before doing something offensive or controversial to avoid troubles.Reflections (3)Privacywe are our data I do believe that. I also believe that if we are our data we cant be denied the freedom of using, sharing or hide it, because its a part of you. In this era of computer technology our data can be our thoughts regardless it might be moral or not it still belong to us, where in any other age than ours, it would have been kept the way you choose it to be, but now you cant help but to feel stalked or judged. The floating malleable greased data cover is a two edged sword, it can protect from evilness and can cause evil and misfortune. And since evil and misfortune always exists and always will, the way it was before is known, which the freedom of our privacy choices is and that is because it will at least con trol one known evil which is this data misuse.Reflections (4)Intellectual freedom is a basic human right for all humans of all cultures and believes. This freedom has to be respected and protected universally. Furthermore I believe even if this is a basic human right, it must not be abused, and thats where ethics and morality acts in, because even though you are entitled to your own opinion the person must fork over in mind that words are very powerful and can do harm.The controversy between censorship and intellectual freedom, where one of the requirements of intellectual freedom to be fulfilled is that the society makes an equal committal to the right of unrestricted access to information and ideas regardless of the communication medium used, the content of the work/and the viewpoints of twain the author and receiver of information.

Festivals in Davao Region Essay Example for Free

feasts in Davao component EssayHeld annu everyy in the city of Tagum, Davao del Norte during February 21-27, Musikahan Festival also known as Musikahan sa Tagum, is a pellucid cultural topic celebrating Philippine excellence in medicine through composition, performance and production, providing the youth with more(prenominal) opportunities in the symphony industry as its goal. Local government of Tagum provides musical instruments to ordinary schools aiming to amplify music appreciation and enhance the skills in performance of the youth in the field of music and prep ar them for a bright future in music career. Also, Tagum City facilitates the participation of local barangay units in various music competitons not only to enrich cultural literacy but also as an opportunity to gain harbor in the development projects of local communities.Musikahan Festival is a weeklong musical celebration that also aims to uphold Tagum City as the Music Capital of Mindanao and have now f inally made a fit in the music scene as Department of Tourism have souricially included the solution as one of the state of matters pride festivals .Already earning popularism, the city of Tagum plans to bid for a Guinness Record for the longest nonstop detain concert in the world. Current holder of the title is Japan with a record of 184 hours. About 5,000 members of contingents from the cities of Cagayan de Oro, Malaybalay, Marawi, Cotabato, Butuan, and Davao, of participants only when not including the visitors, compete in various musical contests which is expected to triple the income of business establishments in Tagum City. Musikahan Festival also aims to provide employment and livelihood for the townspeople.The City of Tagum claims that visitors who would take part in the celebration impart be the cause for the city to have substantial multiplier effect to its businesses for they are sure to bribe goods in the markets. Revelers can avail food at reasonable prices as b ooths are scattered in almost every part of the venue during the Musikahan Festival. Holding of the event is also an opportunity for tourism investments for hotels and malls, which is continously comfortable along with the citys development. Among the festivals highlights are the Battle of the Bands which divided into three categories Folksong / Acoustic / Bossa Nova, Reggae / Ska / Emo, and Pop / Rock / alternate category, the Drum and Bugle Corps / Chorale Competition category, and the Marching Brass Band Competition.Kadayawan FestivalFrom Wikipedia, the ease encyclopediaJump to navigation, searchThe Kadayawan Festival is an annual festival in the city of Davao in the Philippines. Its abduce derives from the friendly greeting Madayaw, from the Dabawenyo word dayaw, meaning good, valuable, superior or beautiful. The festival is a celebration of life, a thanksgiving for the gifts of nature, the wealth of culture, the bounties of harvest and serenity of living.Indak-indak sa Kada lanan.Indak-indak sa Kadalanan.Kadayawan Festival 2012Kadayawan Festival 2012Kadayawan Festival 2012Davao Events and FestivalsDavao, Philippines ranciders visitors a rich part of events and festivals throughout the year that highlight its unique cultural identity and history. HotelTravel.com highlights the key events and festivals in Davao from month to month, providing visitors with a huge choice of possible choice to play that once in a lifetime holiday around. Each one brings to life why Davao is so representative of people from Philippines. Click the events and festival relate below for further information. Davao has a busy calendar of events which includes both holidays that are celebrated by the integral nation and a material body of celebrations that are exclusive to the region. Religion plays a big part in local festivities, with the largest events generally revolving around Roman Catholicism. Below are the most popular festivals enjoyed across the Davao region.January innovative Years Day Davaos residents celebrate the arrival of the New Year with a day off work and the chance to relax and enjoy get-togethers with friends and family. Araw ng mga Natibo otherwise known as the Day of the Natives, this intelligibly regional event sees members of the Tagacaolos, Blaans and Manobo tribes come together to celebrate their respective cultures through performances of ethnic singing and dancing, and the quaint spectacle of knight fighting.FebruaryPeople Power Day Davaos residents join the nation in enjoying a public holiday in remembrance of the 1986 People Power Revolt.MarchAraw ng Dabaw Davao City celebrates the historic event when the city received an official charter. For a week, the locals enjoy a variety of festivities including horse fighting, ethnic rituals, a beauty contest and grand parade.AprilEaster Locals are predominantly Catholic and so attend sanctum Week services, culminating in Mass on Easter Sunday followed by celebrations with famil y and friends. Bataan Day Davao locals enjoy this issue holiday in remembrance of those who gave their lives in battles against the Japanese for control of the Bataan peninsular at the start of WWII.whitethornSummer Island Festival the third week of the month sees this popular event based at Samal Island in Davao. Locals and visitors assemble to enjoy cultural performances, banca racing and water sports competitions.JuneSantacruzan locals don brightly coloured outfits and re-enact St Helenes find of the cross of Christ. The event takes place in the residential areas of Belisario Heights and Lanang, which can be found a short distance north of Davao City. Tabanogan Festival the feast of St Peter is celebrated in Davao with a publication of festivities, among the most notable being the kite flying competition in which locals showcase their talents in this ex activity. Independence Day the 12th of June is a theme holiday and sees residents of Davao enjoy a day off work to celebrate the countrys anniversary of the Philippine Declaration of Independence from Spain.JulyAraw ng Davao del Sur, Davao del Norte, Davao oriental person this is the annual celebration of Davaos division into the three independent provinces of del Sur, del Norte and Oriental. A variety of festivities are enjoyed including horse fighting displays, beauty pageants and tribal dance performances. Filipino-American Friendship Day the formal Declaration of Independence from the joined States is celebrated across the country on the 4th of July. Davao residents enjoy a day off work. terrificAraw ng mga Bayani otherwise known as National Heroes Day, this is a public holiday enjoyed by all on the 26th of August. Kadayawan sa Dabaw in the second week of August, this festival is enjoyed by locals with a variety of events including a beauty pageant, ethnic performances, a fruit and flower show and more.SeptemberOsmea Day this national holiday commemorates the now deceased fourth President of the Phil ippines, Sergio Osmea.OctoberRamadan a small percentage of Davaos residents are Muslim and therefore celebrate the Islamic month of abstinence called Ramadan. Locals eat sparingly and avoid indulgences of every kind for the duration of the period.NovemberEid ul-Fitr the Muslim residents of Davao mark the end of the Ramadan period with get-togethers and family feasts. Bonifacio Day the birth date of Filipino revolutionary leader Andres Bonifacio is celebrated by residents of the Davao region.DecemberLopez Jaena Day the life of Graciano Lpez Jaena, one of the countrys most significant historic figures, is celebrated on the 18th of December. Christmas beginning on the fifteenth of the month and lasting until the 31st, Paskuhan sa Dabaw is the countrys official Christmas season. The period is marked by a variety of festive events. New Years Eve (Bisperas ng Bagong Taon) is the official end of year celebration and sees a variety of festivities enjoyed across the Davao region. Davao City is particularly lively, holding various parties and putting on fireworks displays in a number of locations.

Importance Of Mobile Banking System In The Maldives Finance Essay

Importance Of rambling Banking System In The Maldives Finance turn outINTRODUCTIONBanks play a vital role in the economical life of a nation. The public assistance of an thriftiness is intimately correlated to a healthy banking system. Bankers borrowing lending and related activities make accomplishable the process of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of wealth. thus banks argon very valuable associates of economic growth. Banks play an self-assertive role in utilization of the resources of the country. Banks mobilize the savings of the people for the investment purpose. In the absence of bank, a countrys major portion of capital will remain redundant.Mobile banking can be described as a common phrase used for performing balance checks, account transactions, making and receiving of salarys etc via a spry device commonly wide awake names. Terms such as M-Banking and SMS Banking argon commonly used for wandering banking.This report will look in to the import ance of introducing a mobile banking system to the Republic of Maldives, A country formed of 1190 coral islands each separated by open sea. fit to the MMA (Maldives Monetary Authority- commutation Bank) they argon gearing up to launch a mobile banking system in the country from world-class Feb 2011. MMA named its upcoming mobile banking system as Keesa a local word used for wallet.In an interview given to issue Television in 2010 (MNBC-One) the Governor of MMA Mr. Fazeel Najeeb quoted The Maldives Mobile banking system designed to bring a revolution to the pecuniary sector and setting an example for the rest of developing countries in the world. (MNBC-One, 2010)OVER military position OF MALDIVES ECONOMYThe GDP growth averaged 8.0% over the past two decades raising per capita income about US$ 2,800, the highest in the region and moving the Maldives well into middle income status. After contracting by 4.6% in 2005 due to the tsunami induce fall in tourist arrivals, the scrimpin g rebounded by 19.1% in 2006 and appears to have remained robust in 2007.The universe of discourse of Maldives was estimated 2, 98968 according to the preliminary census 2006. Fishing and tourism plays a vital part of Maldives economic progression. match to MMA at that place be 6 commercial banks in Maldives with 176186 Account Holders.At model thither are only two Mobile dish up providers in Maldives, who provides Service for 259889 Customers. Dhivehi Raajeyge Gulhun Pvt. Limited or Dhiraagu is Joint gauge Company formed between the Maldivian Government and Cable Wireless and commenced its operations in the Maldives in 1988. (Dhiraagu, 2009).Wataniya telecom Maldives Started out operations in Maldives as a subsidiary of Wataniya Telecom in February of 2005, it has now run low the preferred mobile network for Maldivian locals and tourists alike. The companys quest for perfection and dedication to complete customer satisfaction has located it on the forefront of Telecommu nication solutions in the Maldives. (Wataniya Telecom Maldives 2009)Tabulated profile of MaldivesDetails%NoTotal population298968Between 15 64 years62.5186904In use110231Workers on Male10.338971Workers on Atolls89.371260Employment By SectorFishing Industry1112125Tourism2325000Government3134000Others3539000Expatriate Workers70075Mobile Subscribers259889Resident on Male41.5106554Resident on the Atolls59.5153335Bank Accounts176186Resident on Male65113893Resident on The Atolls3562293ATM Cards Issued62275Source Ministry of Planning and National Development Key Indicators 2006 Maldives 2006 preliminary census figures Monthly Statistics, February 2008-MMA CGAP survey results from Maldives mobile operators CGAP survey results from Maldives banksA smooth BANKING SYSTEM WILL RE-SHAPE AND AVANCE MALDIVIAN ECONOMY.Referring to the facts and figures given above (Under over view of Maldives economy) and Tabulated portfolio of Maldives, to a greater extent(prenominal) than 95% of Maldives is c overed geographically by the mobile operators in Maldives. Mean while nearly 90% of population gets mobile shout. According to the Ministry of Planning and National Development Ministry the mobile operators excessively already have the capacity of providing mobile banking service with minimal investment. (Key Indicators, 2006)The mobile banking system will benefit the Economy in following ways apparatus state of the art inter-bank settlement and eliminate risk and increase the safety and efficiency in payment systemsIntroduce full cheque truncation and automate clearingPromote economic efficiency in the countryReduce dependence on cash and paper based instruments by facilitating electronic payments move over a fully interoperable retail payment system using cards, mobile and Internet make believe banking accessible to all citizens of the Maldives, despite adverse geographic conditionsGovernment and banking sectorMobile banking would save cost associated with printing and supplying cash, free up resources currently used by banks to deliver banking services, automate the banking and clearing system, reduce the transaction costs of banking and payments settlements, deliver banking services to the whole country, increase national savings, and revolutionize the financial industry.Fishing industryAccording to preliminary census figures of 2006, 11% of Maldivian work force is engaged in fishing industry. Exporting different products of fish is alike one of the two main sources of income for the organisation. Its estimated that there are more than 12000 fishermen in Maldives who spend more than 70 percent of their life in the open sea. and then introduction of the mobile banking system, all fishermen are led to access the bank and moderate out eventful transaction any time. This will ease and solve lot of existing difficulties for them regarding banking. It will also scatter more idle cash and contribute to the economy as a whole.Tourism SectorMaldives economy is vastly dependent on Tourism Sector. According to former president of Maldives Mr. Gayoom, tourism is life short letter of our nation more than 23 percent of economic workforce is deployed in tourism sector. There are roughly more than 25000 people from 190 different islands working. 90% of these people are stationed at resorts who essentially only travels to their native islands twice a year. There are no personal banking facilities at present in roughly of the resorts. Therefore to send their earnings to support family and receiving money or accessing to banking services are very complicated presently. With the introduction of Mobile banking system, these existing complexities for banking will be solved.MOBILE BANKING PROS CONSMobile banking also have unenthusiastic side, though over all mobile banking system is very efficient and bounteous to business men and other individuals.ProsBanking everywhere any whereBanking is a basal necessity in todays economic world. Accessi ng a bank or carrying out a banking transaction is all most part and contribution of every day. Mobile banking allows banking from anyplace and everywhere. Physical presence is not required to make a banking transaction. Therefore mobile banking saves time and energy.Important NotificationsThe important notifications such as when an account is debited or credited, it will certify in almost no time. Therefore basic banking functions becomes more simple informative on existent time.Important federal agency for Accounts Safe keepingsIt enhances to minimize unauthorized transactions. Since the account holder will be notified at once via a text. Therefore to be a victim of a bank fraud makes less probably and in lawsuit can act upon fraud quickly.Fast and easy paymentMobile banking allows gainful bills, utilities, insurance or any other parallel payments on time.Important means of banking in case of emergencyMobile banking allows banking 24/7, and more over no waiting time is req uired. Therefore it is a vital means of banking-in case of emergencyConsSecurityThough there are few viruses and Trojans targeted for mobile names, mobile phone drug users can be attacked by a phishing scam. For example when a mobile banking user receives a forged text requesting for account passwords it might goes to a hacker pretending as the banker or teller.CompatibilityAll transaction might not be able to proceed in any phone and for some of the cheaper -phones mobile banking is not compatible at all. To get most out of mobile banking a good smart phone is necessary.CostThough mobile banking is relatively cheaper and save times, some of the banks charges otiose fee for mobile banking and in most of the cases extra software charges are applicable and add upon banking expenses. books REVIEWMobile banking closes poverty gap (BBC, 2010)This report published in BBC by Jane Wakefield, highlights the importance of Mobile banking to transform the way people in the developing world, transfer money and how it is poised to offer more sophisticated banking service which could make a real difference to peopleThis statement highlights that currently there are 2.7bn people living in developing countries who do not have any means to access financial service or banks. Simultaneously 1bn people throughout Africa, Latin America and Asia own a mobile phone (BBC, 2010)Further this report shed lights on Mobile banking as a very powerful way to deliver saving and money transfer services to the billions of people in countries like Kenya and Uganda where there are thousands of people with no means to any access to financial institutions. over all, this report makes it more vivid that the success of mobile banking in such countries there by gag law the poverty gap.Africas mobile banking revolution (BBC, 2009)This report by Luice Greenwood provides the facts and figures of how a mobile banking system could contribute Africas economy so vitally. It also highlights that Millions of Africans are using mobile phones to pay bills, move cash and buy basic everyday items. Africa has the fastest-growing mobile phone market in the world and most of the operators are local firms. wherefore the statistical data provided throughout the report, briefs about the countries like sulfur Africa and Kenya mobile banking service providers has affected millions of life by means of savings, security and transfer of cash. The simplicity of mobile banking system in Africa is also lessoning the rest of the world. To set up a bank account by a mobile phone is so easy and straightforward that all it requires is that just a phone and ID card to register anywhere from the country by an approved agent. The system activates the account in seconds and depositing and transferring of cash are right apart at the fingers tipsThis report shows how practical mobile banking system can be and how easy it could be share the larger population like In Tanzania just 5% of the populations have b ank accounts. In Ethiopia there is one bank for every 100,000 people.EMPIRICAL EVIDENCEWith the introduction of mobile banking system there has been a lot of progress in the socio- economic factors in many countries. The implication of mobile banking seems like more important for developing countries than developed countries where lots of peges of banks are available at a threshold. Countries like Kenya, South Africa and Tanzania has shown the world how important mobile banking system is for under developed and developing nations.Lessons from the lights of literature review, I personally believe in the importance of the introduction of mobile banking system in Maldives. This technology would contribute to government sector, banking sector, fisheries industry, tourism sector and islanders from all islands as a whole. To overcome the shadows cased on banking sector in Maldives, by its natural geographic obstacles mobile banking can be an important tool.PERSONAL VERDICTprovidently I have had an opportunity to work for Maldives Tourism Development Corporations as an Operations Manager. To perform my duties and carry out the responsibilities I have travelled more than 40 Resort Islands and above 45 populate islands across the country. During my career, I personally experienced and felt the difficulties of banking by resort workers and local island natives. Though murder of Mobile banking system in Maldives will undoubted fully Increase economic efficiency and promote affable welfare of nation as a wholeCONCLUSIONThe Maldives may be one of the most difficult countries in the world in which to deliver financial services through traditional branch networks. The country occupies 90,000 square kilometres, 99.5% of water. Its 2, 98,968 people live on 198 scattered islands in 26 atolls, and 60% of the dwell islands have less than 1,000 residents. Given the highly literate population and high coverage of the mobile phone network, there is great potential to use techn ology to overcome the barriers of geography, low population density and a small population, and deliver financial service at low cost across the country.

Arab Marriage and Family Formation

Arab pairing and Family FormationIntroductionArab societies atomic number 18 undergoing major changes as new signifiers of trade union and family crapation emerge cross prudent the region. For long decades, proto(prenominal) marriage was the crude pattern in the Arab hu valetkind. However, it is no longer the all pattern. The just age of marriage is rising and more Arab women be staying single for a long time and sometimes they dont get marital at all.These new marriage trends in the Arab founding ar set roughly of a world global phenomenon. The changes of marriage trends in the Arab world reflect the genial and frugal changes taking hind end in the region. Arab economies moved away from agrarian based systems which supported both(prenominal)(prenominal) beforehand(predicate) marriage and encompassing family numbers Hoda R.and Magued O., 2005.The majority of the Arab populations live in cities working in industrial or service sectors. Today, Arab women be mor e educated and more likely to work outside their homes for personal and pecuniary independence. These changes frame a new image of char and change her past traditional component part as a fuss and household member.The objective of this research is the studying of marriage issue in the Arab world because marriage is 1 of the key important factors that determine the social and scotch present and future in the Arab countries. Both fusss of early marriage and ontogeny of average age of marriage of marriage are explained. Finally, a recommended solutions and actions are proposed in order to naturalize the two problems for decreasing the negative impacts and creation of part Arab societies.Importance of sexual union in Arab SocietyFamily is the main concern in Arab societies. Family is considered the main social security system for preteen and elder people in Arab countries. In Arab culture, parents are responsible for children well into those childrens adult lives, and child ren reciprocate by taking responsibility for the care of their aging parentsresponsibilities that Arabs generally take on with great pride. married couple for Arabs is thus both an individual and a family matter.In Arab societies, marriage is considered the turning point that defines prestige, recognition, and societal approval on both partners, particularly the bride. Marriage in Arab societies is considered the social and economic contract between two families. Marriage is overly considered the righteousness form of socially, heathenly, and legally accept fitted sexual relationship 1. proterozoic marriage in Arab instauration aboriginal marriage is any form of marriage that takes place at age of 18 years. Early marriages are often associated with enforcement. Forced marriage is the marriage conducted without full consent of both parties and sometimes with a threat 2.From human rights point of view, early marriage is considered a violation of human rights conventions. In Arab societies- curiously developing countries- early marriage, is considered a means of securing young girls future and protecting them. Wars and social problems may leads too to early marriage as in Palestine, where the intifada has led to earlier marriage.Many countries in the world pee-pee declared 18 as the minimum legal age of marriage. However, more than millions of young girls are expected to wed in the next decade according to the international statistics. 2.Early marriage has lessen in many world countries in the last decades. However, it is sedate common in rural areas and among unworthy people. Poor parents believe that early marriage will protect their daughters and save their future. teen girls are forced into marriage by their families while they are still children because they think that marriage benefits them and secure their financial and social future.Early marriage violates children rights because it decreases their human development, leaving them socially is olated with little study, skills and opportunities for employment and self-realization. These conditions ultimately ferment married girls vulnerable to poverty .Early marriage is a health and human rights violation because it takes place inside the context of poverty and gender inequality with social, cultural and economic dimensions 3.Reasons of early marriage in Arab WorldThere different reasons of early marriage in Arab countries, some of these reasons are referred to cultural reasons, others are referred to economic reasons. Some of these reasons are High poverty consecrates, birth rates and death rates, greater incidence of involvement and civil wars, lower levels of overall development, including schooling, employment, health care and believes that early marriage is a means of securing young girls future and protecting them 4. Traditional values surrounding girls virginity and family honour play a major role in Arab families decisions to wed off their daughters at young ages 1.Effects of early marriageAlthough the trend of early marriage is decreasing in the Arab world, the number of young girls in Arab countries teenagers who are married is still high-pitched. Early marriage is generally associated with early childbearing and high fertility, both of which pose health risks for women and their children 5. Young mothers are at greater risk than older mothers of dying from causes related to pregnancy and childbirth. And the younger a bride is, the more significant the age gap with her husband tends to bewhich exacerbates her disadvantage in negotiating with her husband on matters such as her own health care needs 6.Young wives are required to do a many hard domestic duties, including new roles and responsibilities as wives and mothers. The young brides status in the family is dependent on her demonstrating her fertility within the first year of marriage when she is not physiologically and emotionally wide-awake 7. Young wives are forced to be resp onsible for the care and welfare of their families and future multiplications while they are still children themselves.They defy no decision making powers, restricted mobility and limited economic resources. Early marriage is a direct cause of woman poverty and wide age gaps between younger married girls and their spouses create unequal power relations between the young bride and her older and more experienced husband, resulting in husbands having full control over sexual relations and decision-making 5.Young wives are often unable to make wise plans for their families and may be forced to select between one of two hard choices either to bear husbands violence or to make crimes (killing them). AIDS epidemic increases in young women due to the combination socioeconomic, cultural and political factors that put young women at greater risk of HIV infection due to the drop of sexual knowledge and limited access to information and resources. Younger women may face unsuccessful marria ges and fall apart could happen as a result of lack of maturity, incomplete independence, limited time to get prepared for marriage and having kids, dealing with education/career building and family formation at the same time.Relative Marriage in Arab WorldMarriage between relatives is a significant feature in Arab societies. High rate of marriage between relatives is known asconsanguinity. Marriage between relatives is clear in Arab countries such as Libya and Sudan. Sometimes, consanguineous marriage is arranged marriages that reflects the wishes of the marrying relatives. But marriage between close relatives can jeopardize the health of their offspring, as can marriage among families with a history of genetic diseases 1. rising trends in Marriage in Arab worldIn the last decade, early marriage has declined in many Arab countries such as capital of Kuwait and Emirates. For example , in Emirates, the pace of decline is very significant where the percentage of women ages 15 to 19 w ho were married dropped from 57 percent in 1975 to 8 percent by 1995 1. The general feature of marriage pattern in the for the region as a whole, women are marrying later in late of 20thor 30thand some women are not marrying at all.As shown in table (1), In Tunisia, Algeria, and Lebanon, only 1 percent to 4 percent of women ages 15 to 19 are married, and the percentage of women ages 35 to 39 who have never married in these countries now ranges from 15 percent to 21 percent. The percentage of women ages 35 to 39 who have never married is a good indicator for measuring changes in the catholicity of marriage, because the likelihood of a single woman marrying after age 40 is quite low 8 point of referencePan-Arab Project for tike suppuration Arab Mother and Child wellness Council of Health Ministers of GCC States, Gulf Family Health Surveys and Palestinian Central authorization of Statistics special tabulations of the 2004 Palestinian Demographic and Health Survey .Palestinians have different marriage pattern where early is the closely type that takes place. The main reason is the war and occupation where families wishes to increase the generation for freeing their countries and help them to face hard life in the region. As shown in figure (), most of Palatines marry in the age of 14 to 24 year old 1.SOURCES Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, special tabulation, 2004 Palestinian Demographic and Health Survey.The marriage-age gap is particularly pronounced in Arab societies. One-quarter of recent marriages in Egypt and Lebanon had women at least 10 years younger than their husbands 9.Marriage problem in EgyptThe main problem of marriage in Egypt is its high costs especially because of dowry, Shabka, Housing, Furniture and appliances and gihaz. Regardless of the economic situations of marrying couples and their families, the gihaz and other goods purchased to stage set up the newlyweds home have to be new, not used.The rising cost of marriage is in part attributed to the rising expectations and consumerism that have accompanied the opening of the Egyptian economy, which began in the 1970s. The countrys high cost of housing and furnishings have had a number of unintended consequences for marriage patterns, such as youth entering intourfi(common-law marriages that are unregistered and generally secretive) as well as men marrying women who are older and financially secured 10.Non received Forms of MarriageThe high costs of Arab marriage as well as high unemployment and economic difficulties are blamed for the unfold of so-called urfi (or common law) marriages among young urban adults in some countries in the region. Generally hidden from the participants families, urfi marriages are undertaken to avoid the difficulties of a standard marriage and give a sexual relationship some mark of legitimacy.The secrecy surrounding urfi marriages puts young women at a particular disadvantage because these women are not able to negotiate the term s of their marriage a role usually played by families in conventional marriages. There are thousands of urfi marriages cases in Egypt among university students 11.Traditionally,urfimarriages have been religiously condoned as proper if the couples parents approve of the marriage and thither is a public announcement of the ban. Some families in rural villages opt forurfimarriages when the bride is too young to be legally married, deferring the official registration of the marriages to a future date. But the public, the religious establishment, and the legal system have generally perceived urbanurfimarriages as a pretext and cover for premarital sex.Another form of unconventional marriage in the Arab World is themutaaandmessyar.Mutaa is atemporary marriage, which is practiced by the Shiites in southern Lebanon and other areas, couples specify in their marriage contract the date upon which the marriage ends. On ther hand,Messyarmarriage is common in the Gulf region. In this type of mar riage, there is an arrangement that man marries without any of the housing and financial responsibility that a standard Arab marriage generally requires of him.In general, Messyar and Mutaa are practiced mostly by men who are marrying a second wife where they tend to give legitimacy to sexual relationships and turn off the number of never married women in society, they introduce other social complications, such as the elevation of children from such marriages 1.Womens rights regarding marriageAccording to the international human rights conventions, woman has the rights when entering, during and at the end of the marriage. When entering marriage, woman has the same right as a man to enter marriage only with full consent. A woman married under minimum age shouldnt be considered legally married. Marriage essential be registered in an official registry. If a woman marries someone with another nationality, she will not have her nationality mechanically changed to that of her husband u nless she chooses that 12.During marriage, woman has the same rights and responsibilities as man. She has the right to equal access to health services, the right of breastplate from violence within the family. She also has the same rights as a man to decide freely about the number and spacing of children and to have access to information, education and means to exercise these rights 12.Woman has the same rights and responsibilities as her husband towards children regardless of her marital status and family benefits. Change in womans husband nationality during marriage doesnt imply that her nationality must be change. If woman is employed she must not be discriminated against on the grounds of marriage and maternity.At the end of marriage, woman has the same rights as man when a marriage ends. Neither woman nationality nor that of her children shall mechanically be affected by the ending of a marriage. Woman has the same rights and responsibilities as a man towards her children rega rdless of her marital status 12.How to solve the problem?There is an urgent need to for a better understanding of the social and economic environment surrounding Arab marriage. Policies and governmental programs should meet the youth need to marry and make families. Understanding of marriage patterns changes and their social and economic implications need to be addressed. Successful implementation including right decisions and accurate schedules are needed to address and meet the requirements and needs of young people who want to marry or remain single 1.The recommended solutions for improving marriage situation in Arab World are utilize International pressure specially regarding woman rights stated in human rights conventions on Arab countries to follow the Womens Conventions. future(a) poverty reduction strategiesMaking the required reforms of marriage and family laws to meet the human rights standards and monitoring the impacts of these laws on Arab societies.Providing recourse employment opportunities for youth specially girls and women affected or at risk of early marriage.Ensuring the right to education and information for girls, including married girls.Providing incentives to encourage families to educate their children.Encouraging activities that change the attitudes and behaviour of community and religious leadership especially regarding early marriage, girls education and employment.Developing rules that redefine acceptable ages of marriage and offer social and economic supports that allow parents and girls to delay marriage until suitable age.Raising consciousness about child marriage consequences and impacts of increase of average age of marriage as well.Promoting legal, and chosen forms of marriageSupporting married young girls pasture citedHoda R. and Magued, O,, Marriage in the Arab World , Population Reference Bureau, September 2005.Stephen H. , Early Marriage Child Spouses , Innocenti offer no. 7, UNICEF , March 2007.UNIFEM, Forced and E arly Marriage, URLhttp//www.stopvaw.org/Forced_and_Early_Marriage.htmlMinnesota, Advocates for Human Rights, August 2007.Forum on Marriage and the Rights of Women and Girls, Early Marriage and Poverty Exploring links for policy and program development ,2003.UNFPA, The Promise of Inequality sexual activity Inequality and Reproductive Health, URLhttp//www.unfpa.org/swp/2003/english/ch2/index.htm, 2005.World Health Organization, WHO/UNFPA/Population Council Technical Consultation on Married Adolescents ,Geneva WHO, 2003.United Kingdom Foreign and Commonwealth Office, A Choice by Right on the job(p) Group on Forced Marriages Child Marriage Fact Sheet, 2000.League of Arab States, Pan-Arab Project for Child Development Arab Mother and Child Health Surveys , Pan-Arab Project for Family Health Council of Health Ministers of GCC States, Gulf Family Health Surveys ORC Macro, Demographic and Health Surveys and Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics special tabulations of 2004 Palestinian Demographic and Health Survey.Social Research sum total at the American University in Cairo using the Egypt Demographic and Health Survey (2003) and the Lebanon Maternal and Child Health Survey (1996).Diane S. and Barbara I., The Cost of Marriage in Egypt A Hidden Variable in the smart Arab Demography, in the New Arab Family, Cairo Papers in Social Science 24 (2001) 80-116 and World Bank, edifice Institutions for Markets, World Bank Report 2002 (Washington DC World Bank, 2002) table 1.Gihan S., The Double Bind, Al Ahram Weekly on-line(a) 397 (Oct. 1-7, 1998).The International Womens Tribune Centre Rights of Women, A Guide to the Most Important United Nations Treaties on Womens Human Rights, New York 1998.

Oligopolistic Market Model and Oil Prices

Oligopolistic Market warning and Oil PricesExecutive SummaryThe report is prep bed to explain how oligopolistic mart instance is the surpass amaze to relate to the current increase in the determine of Oil. The Oil pet intentum Organization is analyzed profoundly which clearly depicts the oligopoly style of marting by the members of OPEC. It has also examined by lot of research and based on recent reports that the OPEC tries to mold the crude embrocate prices by controlling the tot of oil fruit with the consent of each(prenominal) the members and tries to fix the oil prices in order to gain heavy profits. OPEC works on the same get as followed by oligopoly market structure and hence clearly indicates its relation to each otherwise and is best example of oligopoly market style.1.0 IntroductionThe Oligopoly market structure is the market which has few producers and large number of buyers which gives these producers an vantage to control the market. According to (Scholastic us, 2010), the buyers have very less alternatives and do not have enough familiarity about the market. The producers inflate the prices of their goods to attract more customers by reducing prices leading to deflated price level. found on Scholastics writing in one of its articles, the producers have perfect knowledge of the consumers but consumers do not have any information about the producers or their act of influencing the prices has a negative effect on national economy.2.0 Discussion2.1 Features of Oligopoly Market in that location be few producers and large number of buyers.The producers deal in differentiated products. (Jayasuriya, 2011, p. 87)One of the producer or firm become the leader of the group and makes others to agree or dominates them to fix the prices which results in price leadership.The competition in an Oligopoly market is intense and both price and non-price methods argon used to attract more customers. For example in lot of advertisements, producers mention We will not be beaten on price. The price will be matched with the competitor selling price (Labs S. S.)In Oligopoly market, firms or producers get together to ploughshare a market and decide on prices. Because of an uncompetitive market structure, they honor heavy profit by raising the prices or lowering the prices to attract more customers resulting in adit barriers to this market. (Labs S. S.)According to recent study by Stanley St Labs., the competition is very different in oligopoly as compared to other markets forms. In other markets, it is violent because of the high competition to gain the market share but in oligopoly, the firms are interested to gain the market share by collaborating to earn heavy profits.Firms are in return interdependent which means if one firm changes its prices, it will affect the sales of other firms.2.2 Kinked Style guide CurveAccording to (Stewart Rankin, 2008, p. 141), the oligopoly market structures have kinked indigence curves and the dema nd curve for the product has two sections called inflexible and elastic section.demand curve.pngKinked Demand CurveThe elasticity of demand depends on the amendments of rival companies price or service output.The assumption made here is that the all the companies would want a considerable market share along with heavy profitsThere is no increase of price by one crabbed firm. This is elastic demand. There would be an adverse impact on the total revenue of the company.In a situation where the rival company snips it prices in order to maintain its market share, it would be an inelastic demand curve. Due to reduction in prices again, this would impact the total revenue of the company.The Price warsbetween the firms does not attain anyone but it benefits the consumers in fact. (ecoteacher)Based on the above graph, we state it faces kinked style demand curve because of these reasonsIt shows price rigidity.It controls the market segment.Leader decides the market Price and others agree to it.It results in Mergers/cartels and collusion to control market.Producers decide on prices with the consent of others.It has Horizontal and Vertical Integration.2.3 Few Industry examples given by Economists teachers society of South Australia areThe grocery market in Australia is oligopoly which is dominate by Woolworths and Coles. They have lot of stores in Australia and have an all-embracing distribution system across Australia. It is difficult to compete with these firms as it requires huge investment to gain the pleasant of market share as they have.The Automobile Industry is a form of oligopoly market.The world Oil production market or Oil refining is also another oligopoly dominated by the seven sisters transnational oil companies like BP, Shell, and Exxon.The telecommunications market in Australia was initially amonopoly but as new telecom service providers started operating, it resulted in a group of few giant telecom providers competing for a greater market share.2. 4 INTRODUCTION OF OPECAccording to the OPEC Organization, OPEC is the intergovernmental organization (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) consisting of 12 oil producing and exporting countries across America, Asia and Africa continents. The members are Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, the Socialist Peoples Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, joined Arab Emirates Venezuela. (About Opec, 2011)A report (OPEC organization, 2011) states that it was formed on September 14, 1960 in Baghdad, Iraq, by five Founder Members Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela. It was registered with the United Nations Secretariat on November 6, 1962 (UN event No 6363).OPEC organization (2011) indicates their principal objectives asTo develop and maintain the petroleum policies for the Members Countries to safeguard their interests.To ensure the stability of the prices in the international oil markets to eliminate the unnecessa ry price fluctuationsTo provide a regular go forth of petroleum to the nations while expecting a fair return on the petroleum industry investment.2.5 OPEC Oligopolistic market modelTheOrganisation of Petroleum Exporting CountriesorOPECis an oligopoly market which is dominated by the Arab oil producers as they assure the maximum amount of oil refineries which gives them an opportunity to dominate others and decide on prices. Cartel is another take a crap for an oligopoly of producers of a commodity. (About Opec, 2011)The Members of OPEC tries to influence the world oil prices with the consent of all and they set the production quotas and become an trenchantcartelby restricting the sales. They deeply analyse the current market situation and anticipate upcoming demand and supply to see various fluctuations of prices in the markets. After analysing the market scenario, they decide to raise or lower the oil production as agreed by all the members to maintain price stability and make the oil available for consumption. (corporation, 2003-2011)According to (Oil Crisis and Collusion, 2011), OPEC was organized with the purpose of manipulating the oil prices by controlling oil supplies to the market.It controls approximately 80% of the worlds oil reserves and 40% of the worlds production among their 12 member states. As discussed earlier, it is dominated by Gulf States who can easily turn the taps on and off when required to influence the market prices. Even when the economy was facing an issue of recession, it did not have any effect on oil industry and were still making heavy profits.Hence, we can say that OPEC does play an important role in making decision of oil supply to the market which may affect the oil prices in a greater extent. The members have larger number of oil reserves and can increase or decrease the production or supply whenever they want. As they very well know that all the evolution and developed nations wants oil and has almost become the neces sity of life like food in todays lifestyle, so they try to earn as much as they can by controlling the prices with the kind of queen they hold in their hands.However, we may say that OPEC has oil reserves and cannot produce more oil as they do not have any more oil reserves as overestimated by us. There can be lot of other reasons as well which may give rise to the oil prices like any commodity price fluctuation due to the demand and supply effect. (Savage, 2008)2.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Oligopoly Market social structureThe cost of a service of product in under oligopolistic tend to be lower in comparison to that of a monopolistic firm, but more than a competitive market. There is stability in pricing however the prices would lead to reduction if any other firm reduces. This will impact the lucrativeness of the companies giving a benefit to the customer.As there are barriers to join oligopolies, it gives the firms cost advantages. This is because they would cater to ba nd production. Consequently it encourages having highly competitive production processes which than improvises the service delivery.(William Boyes, 2008)3.0 ConclusionTo conclude, we can say that OPEC is an oligopoly form of market structure where few nations who have oil reserves decide on the current production and supply of oil with each other consent which directly influences the price of oil. Hence, oligopolistic market structure model explains the conduct of oil industry and its effects on the market prices. In a recent report (corporation, 2003-2011) states that United States, Canada, Mexico, Russia and China also produces oil and are expected to reduce the need for gasoline in hereafter through its improved techniques and research and development in other forms of energy which will also reduce the affect of dominance of OPEC on the price of oil.

Principles of Liability in Negligence in Business Activities

Principles of obligation in inadvertence in transmission line ActivitiesAspects of Contract and Negligence for BusinessIngrida MiseviciuteTable of Contents caper 1 (AC3.1)1 toil 2 (AC3.2)2Task 3 (AC3.3)3Task 4 (AC4.1)4Task 5 (AC4.2)5References6LO 3 deduct regulations of liability in sloppiness in business activitiesTask 1 (AC 3.1)Liability in Tort makeual liabilityDefinitionA genteel wrong is a legal term describing a intrusion where sensation person ingests damage, injury, or handicap to a nonher(prenominal) person. The violation may military telephone number from figureal actions, a breach of avocation as in negligence, or due to a violation of statutes. commentThe party that commits the tort is called the tortfeasor. A tortfeasor incurs tort liability, meaning that they w disadvantageously bear to reimburse the victim for the detriment that they caused them. In early(a) words, the tortfeasor who is found to be nonimmune(predicate) or likely for a persons injuries will likely be required to turn over restitution.DamagesUnder most tort constabularys, the injury suffered by the plaintiff does non meet to actually be physical. A tortfeasor may be required to pay remediation for other types of harm, including emotional distress or a violation of individual(prenominal) rights.TypesJoint Liabilityvicarious LiabilityLiability to/for Third Partiesplaintiff/victim LiabilityStrict LiabilityP bent Liability.DefinitionContractual liabilityis defined as liability that does not arise by agency of negligence, but by assumption under contract or arranging.ExplanationA contract is a legal binding agreement amid two or more persons. When you sign, or agree to the cost of a contract, then you have accepted the contractual liabilities set forth in the document.DamagesLiabilities are things that you offer be held accountable for, and may have to repay or replace, in the event that they occur. For example, a rentersagreement may state that, If upon moving out of the premises stated in the contract, every part of the premises is destroyed, you may be accountable for and have to pay to repair, or replace the damage.TypesContractual liability can take umteen forms, but is basically holds you accountable for damages that are stated in the contract. For example, Commercial contracts, domestic contracts and so forth.Task 2 (AC3.2)Negligence is a failure to use commonsense trouble that results in harm to another(prenominal) party.There are four important elements to a negligence example that must be provenThe suspect owed a duty, either to the plaintiff or to the general publicThe defendant violated that dutyThe defendants violation of the duty resulted in harm to the plaintiffThe plaintiffs injury was foreseeable by a rational person.Donohughe V Stevenson (1932)This famous case formed the civilised justice tort of negligence and obliged manufacturers to have a duty of solicitude towards their customers. The events of the complaint took place in Scotland in 1928, when Ms may Donoghue was given a store of ginger beer, purchased by a friend. The bottle was subsequently discovered to contain a decomposing snail. Since the bottle was not of sop up glass, Donoghue was not aware of the snail until she had consumed most of its contents. She later on fell ill and was diagnosed with gastroenteritis by a doctor. Donoghue subsequently took legal action against the manufacturer of the ginger beer, Stevenson. She lodged a writ in the Court of Sessions (Scotlands highest civil court) seeking 500 damages.Because her friend had purchased the drink, Donoghue could not sue on the al-Qaida that a contract had been breached her lawyers instead had to claim that Stevenson had a duty of disquiet to his consumers and that he had caused injury through negligence an area of civil law that was largely untested at that condemnation. Stevensons lawyers challenged the action on the butt that no precedents existe d for such a claim. However Donoghue was later granted digress to appeal to the House of Lords, which then had the judicial authority to hear appellant cases. The leading judgement, delivered by Lord Atkin in 1932, established that Stevenson should be responsible for the well-being of individuals who consume his products, given that they could not be inspected. The case was returned to the buffer court Stevenson died before the case was finalised and Donoghue was awarded a reduced summate of damages from his estate.This case established several legal principlesFirstly, that negligence is a clear-cut tort. A plaintiff can take civil action against a respondent, if the respondents negligence causes the plaintiff injury or firing of property. Previously the plaintiff had to demonstrate some contractual order for negligence to be proven, such as the sale of an item or an agreement to provide a service. Since Donoghue had not purchased the drink, she could prove no contractual arr angement with Stevenson yet Atkins judgement established that Stevenson was understood responsible for the wholeness of his product.Secondly, manufacturers have a duty of care to consumers. agree to Lord Atkins ratio decendi, a manufacturer of products, which he sells to reach the ultimate consumer in the form in which they left him owes a duty to the consumer to take conjectural care. This precedent has evolved and expanded to form the basis of laws that protect consumers from foul or faulty goods.Thirdly, Lord Atkins controversial neighbour principle. Here Atkin raised the question of which people may be at a time affected by our actions, our conduct or things we manufacture. You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour. Who, then, in law, is my neighbour? The answer seems to be persons who are so closely and straightaway affected by my act that I ought to have them in mind when I am I am considering these acts or omissions.Task 3 (AC3.3)Vicarious liability is a situation in which matchless party is held partly responsible for the unlawful actions of a tercet party. The third party also carries his or her own share of the liability. Vicarious liability can arise in situations where one party is vatical to be responsible for (and have control over) a third party, and is absent in carrying out that responsibility and exercising that control.If an employee injures someone in the gradation of their troth, the employer may be subject to vicarious liability. This scarce means that the hurt person may be able to win compensation for the harm from the employer, rather than the employee.This is not to say, though, that the employee can constantly count on acquire away scot-free. Even if in that respect is vicarious liability, the injured person does not necessarily give up any right he may have to pursue the employee individually. If, for some reason, the injure d person is unable to adopt full compensation from the employer, then he might seek to find oneself the balance from the employee. In addition, the employer may well seek reimbursement for any mensuration paid to the injured person (although in practice this rarely occurs). ecumenically, employers divergence vicarious liability claims on the following groundsThe person who caused the harm was not an employee, but an independent contractor or other non-employee histrionThe employee did not harm the injured person in the railway line of the employees function.An typification of the test is provided by two contrasting cases, Limpus v London General Omnibus telephoner and Beard v London General Omnibus Company, both involving pathway collisions. In the former, a driver pulled in front of another adversary omnibus, in order to obstruct it. Despite express prohibitions from the employer, they were found conjectural this was merely an unauthorised mode of the employee carrying o ut his duties ( operate), not an entirely in the raw activity. By contrast, in the latter case, London General Omnibus Company were not liable where a conductor (employed to collect fares on wit the bus) negligently chose to drive the vehicle instead this was completely extraneous of his duties.LO 4 Be able to apply principles of liability in negligence in business situationsTask 4.1(AC4.1)A tort, in common law jurisdictions, is a civil wrong which unfairly causes someone else to suffer loss or harm resulting in legal liability for the person who commits the act. Although crimes may be torts, the cause of legal action is not necessarily a crime, as the harm may be due to negligence which does not amount to fell negligence. The victim of the harm can recover their loss as damages in a lawsuit. In order to prevail, the plaintiff in the lawsuit must fork up that the actions or lack of action was the licitly recognizable cause of the harm. The equivalent of tort in civil law jurisd ictions is delict.Tort law is different from criminal law in that (1) torts may result from negligent but not intentional or criminal actions and (2) tort lawsuits have a lower burden of proof such as preponderance of evidence rather than beyond a reasonable doubt. Sometimes a plaintiff may prevail in a tort case even if the person who caused the harm was acquitted in an earlier criminal trial. For example, O.J. Simpson was acquitted in criminal court and later found liable for the tort of wrongful death.Torts may be reason in several ways, with a particularly common division mingled with negligent and intentional torts. The standard action in tort is negligence. Negligence is a tort which arises from the breach of the duty of care owed by one person to another from the perspective of a reasonable person. The majority driven that the definition of negligence can be divided into four character parts that the plaintiff must prove to establish negligence. The elements in find the liability for negligence areThe plaintiff was owed a duty of care through a special relationship (e.g. doctor-patient) or some other principle.There was a dereliction or breach of that duty.The tortfeasor directly caused the injury but for the defendants actions, the plaintiff would not have suffered an injury.The plaintiff suffered damage as a result of that breach.The damage was not too remote there was proximate cause to show the breach caused the damage.Elements of NegligenceProximate causeProximate cause means that you must be able to show that the harm was caused by the tort you are suing for. The defence may contest that there was a prior cause or a superseding interfere cause. A common situation where a prior cause becomes an issue is the personal injury car accident, where the person re-injures an old injury. commerce of careIt arises when one party creates a scenario that has the potential to harm the other party. Duty focuses on relationship between the two partiesThe t est whether the defendant owes a duty of care to plaintiff includesWould a reasonable person have foreseen that the actions would have caused harm to the plaintiff? tenable person represents an objective standard. dishonour of dutyBreach of duty occurs when a reasonable person is not exercising the degree of care that would have expected from him/her in that situation. Reasonable person is an intermediate person. It does not require perfection, but takes into account that an average person does not foresee every risk. The average person is not assumed to be flawless, but ordinarily careful and prudent.Actual sufferingActual harm could be in the form of physical or emotional injuries, property damages or financial loss.The main reclaim against tortious loss is compensation in damages or money.According to the scenario, Chris was in an internet cafe. He got up to purchase a drinking chocolate and was slipped on some water that was on the floor and broke his arm. This depends upon the intention of Chris. If Chris slipped intentionally and did foresee this accident, then the cafe will not be responsible for the damages caused. If this is not the case, then the elements of negligence need to be applied to see if Chris can claim the damages.Negligence is important fit to look at, means that the defendant (the cafe) failed to act in a reasonable manner under the circumstances. For example, it is reasonable to expect that the cafe lay a warning signs in recently mopped areas or wet surface. If this is not done, then it means that the cafe did not fulfil the duty of care. Chris can claim damages as a result of it as he slipped and broke his arm. There are various implications on the scenario in terms of duty of care, negligence (intentional or otherwise) and it is up to the court to decide the outcome.Task 5 (AC4.2)Two clear elements must be established in order to establish a vicarious liabilityWas the tortfeasor the defendants employee andWas the tortfeasor p laying in the course of his or her commerce at the time the tort was committed.The existence of a relationship of employer and employee some tests have been suggested for distinguishing between a contract of service and a contract for services. These includeControl test Ready Mix Concrete Ltd v Minister of Pensions and National Insurance (1968)Integration test Stevenson Jordan Harrison Ltd v MacDonald Evans (1952) presidency Test Albrighton v Royal Prince Alfred Hopital (1980)The ultimate question will always be whether a person is acting as the servant of another or on his own behalf and the answer to that question may be indicated in ways which are not always the same and which do not always have the same significance.Conclusion as to whether defendant is an employer or contractor.If the defendant is an independent contractor the employer cant be vicariously liable for the acts of that contractor. The employer will only be liable (as a primary liability) if the employers tor tious duty is, in law, non-delegable Kondis v STA Burnie Port Authority v General Jones Pty Ltd.Was the employee acting within the course of employment?General rule is that whilst acting in the course of employment the employer is not vicariously liable for independent wrongful acts of employees (Bugge Brown).In ascertain the scope of the employment relationship the actions of the employee must be reasonably concomitant to employment i.e. the employer is not vicariously liable if the employee is on a merriment of their own (Joel v Morison).(Situations to consider the necessary authorities)Wrongful mode of terminate authorised act employer vicariously liable (Bugge Brown)Express prohibition by employer not necessarily a defence if the employees act was still a mode of doing what he employee was employed to do employer vicariously liable (Century Insurance Company v Northern Island Road Transport).Acting outside scope of employment relationship employer not vicariously liabl e (Koorang Investments v Richardson).Driving casesFor example, there are a number of truck driving cases where the court has had to decide whether the driver was acting within the course of his employment when driving the vehicle outside a designated route.Essentially, the pattern seems to be that if the drivers subscriber line is to get from Point A to Point B, and his deviate from the designated route was simply another way of getting to Point B, then he is acting within the course of his employment.On the other hand, if the driver takes a detour for some other, non-business purpose (such as picking up a young lady and taking her shopping) then he would likely be regarded as acting outside the course of his employment.According to the scenario, Trevor is a driver who drives a camion for a Haulage firm. He delivers deliveries for the company which suggests that he is an employee of the firm. Whilst at work, he detours the lorry and meets his girl friend. This is a non business p urpose which means he is acting outside the scope of his duties. As he leaves his girlfriends house to continue deliveries, he negligently crashes into a car park.As stated above, two conditions must be met in order to establish a vicarious liabilitywas the tortfeasor the defendants employee andWas the tortfeasor acting in the course of his or her employment at the time the tort was committed.In this case, the tortfeasor was Chris and the defendant is the Haulage firm. Chris was an employee and also he was acting in the course of his employment to meet his girlfriend and later on crashes his lorry. The vicarious liability is established and hence Chris is liable and not the haulage firm.ReferencesTort Liability (2014). Available http//www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/tort-law-liability.html. Last accessed 10 March, 2014Donoghue V Stevenson (1932). Available http//lawgovpol.com/case-study-donoghue-v-stevenson-1932/. Last accessed 12 March, 2014.Negligence (2014). Available http //www.lawyersandsettlements.com/lawsuit/negligence.html?opt=cutm_expid=36075225.Uj6X3hD9S1KR79nt0Iy0tA.1utm_referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.uk%2F.UySBAj9_sSM. Last accessed 12 March, 2014Accidents and injuries (2014). Available http//www.findlaw.co.uk/law/accidents_and_injuries/accident_claims/500045.html. Last accessed 13 March, 2014Vicarious Liability (2014). Available http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicarious_liability_in_English_law. Last accessed 13 March, 2014Breach of duty (2014). Available http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breach_of_duty_in_English_law. Last accessed 14 March, 2014Tort (2014). Available http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort. Last accessed 14 March, 2014Eustace, D, (2007) Negligent Misstatement Dillon Eustace.Keenan, D., and Smith, K., (2006) jurisprudence for Business (13th Edition) Pearson Education Limited.McKendrick, E. Contract Law (2000). 4th edition. McMillan. Basington.Poole, J. Casebook on Contract Law (2001). 5th edition. London.Vickneswaren, K., (1997) Ob ligations Contract Law (1st Edition) Old Bailey Press London.

Literature Review On Clay Bricks Environmental Sciences Essay

Literature check On Clay Bricks Environmental Sciences EssayBrick is a core natural that is comm whole uptaked to build the paries of a expression. Clay bricks ar the around frequent brick type. It is made from gumption and corpse and uniformly burned- pop at temperatures between 800C and 1200C. Sur demo finishes ar sometimes applied, e.g. glossy bricks. Glazed bricks atomic minute 18 still being produced in large mensuration and sack up be obtained from major(ip) English brick manufacturers and suppliers. Calcium Silicate bricks is manufactured from sand- spread out (calcium silicate). The bricks ar pressed infra great public press and steamed in an autoclave. The bricks ar smooth, fine textured and light in colour. The colour of the brick is produced from worldly source, writdecade material and firing temperature.The shape up of bricks ein truthplace time has changed considerably. Some primaeval medieval bricks were 13 inches by 6 inches by 2 inches. By t he y tabuhful 15th century a brick 9.5 inches by 4.5 inches by 2 inches became the average and a charter in 1571 stipulated bricks by the measurement of 9 inches by 4.5 inches by 2.25 inches. By the 18th century, 8.25 inches by 4 inches by 2.5 inches brick was introduced. raw bricks atomic number 18 8.5 inches by 4 inches by 2.5 inches which is following metrication translated to 215mm by 102.5mm by 65mm. Modern bricks atomic number 18 the bricks that ar around social occasiond in buildings nowadays.2.1.2 Defect of SizeOversized bricks be growd by poor material selection and homework or underfiring. Undersized bricks are realised mainly by poor material preparation, faulty moulds and overfiring.2.1.3 Defect of Shape in that location are m both(prenominal) lay downs which contri thoe to defects in shape. These are including poor preparation of moulds or moulding technique, faults in stacking, rough handling and uneven drying. If the bricks are considerably over destroy, incipient fusion takes place and the bricks, called burrs, pull up stakes experience kayoed of the kiln or clamp and get stuck together. Burrs are commensurate only for hardcore purposes.2.1.4 Defects of BodyFaults in the raw material tin post transmit rise to defects such as get arounding, bloating and laminations. Cracking and warping of bricks, causing incipient weakness, whitethorn be collect to exposure of green bricks to target fair weather or rapid drying leads. Similar piths forget be produced by putting green bricks into the kiln too soon. Large fellers maybe caused by fall getting onto hot bricks.2.1.5 Defect of AppearanceThese defects are caused primarily by faulty wires in the case of wire-cut bricks. Dark spots are caused by the presence of unevenly distri merelyed iron sulphide in the form.2.2 Types of Brickwork Defects2.2.1 interpolation al close move of a building are built using bricks. Nowadays, brickwork defects are commonly bring in build ings. This fuss is getting more(prenominal) puff up(p) as days go by. Brickwork defects may cause a quid of problems to the occupants. The main problem encountered in building with traditional outside expression environ of brickwork and concrete inside bearing structure is caused by differences in the temperature and wet-induced causa. Cracks may be discovered in smothers and terminations ingest to be found to alleviate this problem. (Verhoef, 2001)Brickwork defect which occurs in buildings has a variety of reasons. This is perhaps non surprising when one considers the wide range of different bricks and techniques in the expression of building, differences in the nominateion websites and the varied occupational or owner role of the completed building.Brickwork lead deteriorate and decay if non powerful maintained. such(prenominal) deterioration can be caused by a number of factors and can take various forms. The main signs that the brickwork is afflicted are cle ar harvest-feast and staining, peak, loosed brick becoming dislodged, cracks appear through the bricks or daub and and so forth (Moses Jenkins, 2007)In this sub chapter, the different types of the brickwork defect result be determined. This chapter gives an overview of various types of brickwork defects and disposition the brickwork defects. By identifying the different types of the brickwork defects, it allow be easy for the occupants or owners to get down out the causes of the defects and subsequently take the suitable remedy methods to address the problem.2.2.2 Brick cont eradicate SettlementAny faecal matter in a structuralbrick groyne lead risk having the bond courses in the wall broken. Any proceeding in abrick cladding wall which has broken or loosened the connections between the veneers to the underlying structure is potentially dangerous and risk collapsing the masonry.2.2.3 bulblike Brick WallThis is likely to be a bond-brick or bond-course misery. This d efect is potentially extremely dangerous and immediate action must be interpreted. If non, it get out cause the building to suddenly collapse.2.2.4 Cracks and Bulges in Brick WallsFrost and earth warhead can push a below-grade brick foundation wall inwards. The wall is oft bulged inwards as well as demo horizontal and measuring cracking and loose bricks bequeath surface over the bulged area. The hurt occurs from some above globe level to roughly the frost line.2.2.5 Cracks and Loose BricksNormally, crack and loose bricks are caused by frost, settlement, involution, diagonal and stair-stepped. These defects in truth much pass away at building corners where the crownwork spillage is concentrated.2.2.6 Loose Bricks and Missing or disconnected howitzerThis is the movement where the plaster is severely washed-out by roof spillage or other piss movement against the foundation. Loose and bemused bricks may also occur where woods field blocks, originally set into a wall to permit nailing of interior components, is rail atd by insects or decay. Similarly, if the wood joists are persecuted and bent excessively or collapsed (insect damage, rot, fire), the collapsing joist can, as its in-wall end moves, damage the foundation or building wall. Fire cuts on wood joists in brick walls were intended to minimize this damage source by locomote the end of the joist where it was set into the wall pocket.2.2.7 Spalling BricksSpalling is caused by weewee and frost, such as piss leaking into a brick structure at any entry point in time a crack, a brick which has lost its hard surface, or at openings by window and admission penetrations. It is best to also beware of caulking bricks.2.2.8 Exfoliating-Rust wrong to BricksMasonry wall testament pay back these defects when brick walls have been improperly caulked where caulking should have been omitted. The some common example of this defect is the damage that occurs to a brick wall when a steel lintel ove r a window or door is caulked tightly between the brick and the steel. Moisture penetrating the brick wall through cracks or plaster joints is trapped around the steel lintel. Rust exploitation on steel lintels has tremendous lifting power as the rusting exfoliating metallic element exaggerates, sufficient to crack and damage bricks around the lintel.Improper Repair Mortaron BrickworkDuring repair works, tuck pointing or re-pointing bricks can cause surface spalling of bricks if the mason uses a too hard daub with high portland capacitance or mortar on fleecy bricks in a clime exposed to freezing weather. The high portland content means that the mortar will be not only harder, but more body of piddle systemproof than the contact bricks. Water trapped around the hard mortar can freezing leading to surface spalling of the bricks. This is particularly likely to be seen when a wall has been tuck pointed using hard high-portland mortar where originally a soft high-lime mortar was used and where the original bricks were soft. sodium chlorides on BrickworkSalts are a major cause of deterioration. Salt can enter bricks through contaminated water ingress. In coastal areas, salt can come from the sea and, in winter, the nearby application of road salt is a constant threat. Salt is damage because it urinates a steady working out of crystals in spite of appearance the bricks. This can at last force the structure of the brick apart. The source of salt can occur from within the bricks themselves or from the application of contaminated mortars or renders. Brick lined chimney flues are also vulnerable as sulphates can be introduced when flu gasses con profound. This is a common defect where a chimney has been sealed without capable ventilation.2.2.11 kick on brickworkEfflorescence appears as a white powdery desex on the brick. It is a phenomenon that soluble salt dissolved in water are carried, deposited and gradually accumulated on brick surfaces to form a n unsightly scum. Without water, efflorescence cannot occur. The soluble salts may be originated from the raw material of bricks. But in most cases, efflorescence is caused by salts from the external sources such as ground water, contaminated atmosphere, mortar ingredients and other materials in contacts with the bricks. To minimize the risk, (it can never be completely avoided in brickwork exposed to weathering) the building detail should be designed, as far as is viable, to avoid saturation. In other words, salutary overhangs, copings and sills with drips, need to be considered. Efflorescence can be helped on its panache by sponging down the wall with clean water (avoiding substantial starchyting) or dry brushing with soft brushes. Any other treatment should be avoided as it may disfigure the bricks.2.2.12 Thermal exertion on Brickwork each materials expand or hires as the temperature of the material changes, typically expanding as its temperature adjoins and espial as its temperature decreases. Different materials expand and contract at different range when they undergo similar changes in their temperatures. Brick veneer can expand and contract approximately. When determining the expansion or contraction of a brick veneer, it is weighty to ring the sets of the sun on materials. The energy from the suns rays raises the temperature of a material well above the air temperature. On a day when the air temperature is 32 F, the energy from the sun can raise a walls temperature to above cytosine F.2.2.12.1 Thermal expansion failures in Structural or Veneer Brick WallsA separate factor that can cause very large movements and commodious damage to brick structures or brick veneer walls is the thermal expansion which occurs across a immense or tall brick wall when that wall is heated by intense sun exposure. The photographs show significant thermal expansion damage in a long brick structure.Significant breaks and gapsat vertical brick mortar joints due t o thermal expansion and perhaps some frost and water damage.Figure1 Significant breaks in mortarHorizontal sliding breaksin brick mortar joints,exposing reinforcing wire to rust, exfoliation, and additional damage from those forces as the exfoliating wire produced still more hale on the mortar joint.Figure2 Horizontal breaks in mortar graduation crackingfollowing mortar joints near the building corners and where the wall movement was resisted by first story intersecting brick walls abutting at just field angles the middle section of the long brick wall.Figure3 Step cracking in mortarCracks and broken bricks at the intersections of brick walls and openings.Figure 4 Cracks and broken bricks(InspectApedia, 2007)2.2.13 Moisture Movement on BrickworkMoisture make believes all permeable masonry materials, including bricks, mortars and concrete masonry units but in very different ways. These effects must be considered when a crew of these materials is used, such as when bricks rest o n a concrete foundation, brick veneer units are used with block back up, and when brick and architectural concrete products are used in the equivalent Wythe bands of precast concrete or architectural concrete block in a brick veneer. by and by their initial combine or casting, mortar, poured-in-place concrete and concrete masonry units shrink as the curing of the Portland cementum proceeds. This is an unavoidable consequence of the curing of concrete products and is accommodated in design.2.2.14 sulphate polish on Brickwork close to ordinary the Great Compromiser bricks contain sulphates of sodium, magnesium or calcium. These salts are soluble in water, calcium sulphate being slight soluble than the other two. Normally, these sulphates are seen as the harmless efflorescence which affect appearance only and need simply to be brushed away. In theory, most brick walls with mortars based on OPC (Ordinary Portland Cement) are apt(predicate) to sulphate approach path. The most vu lnerable walls are earth-retaining walls and parapet walls but sulphate attack is a problem also on rendered, and facing brickwork.On rendered brickwork, sulphate attack is manifested by cracking of the rendering, the cracks being mainly horizontal and corresponding to the mortar joints below. The rendering may adhere quite well to the bricks early in the attack but areas are likely to become detached as the expansion of the underlying brickwork causes severance of the bond between the two materials. (Eldridge, 1976)2.2.15 calcium hydrate Staining on BrickworkLime staining occurs when calcium hydrated oxide is deposited on the face of brickwork. Lime staining will quickly absorb ascorbic tart dioxide from the air and becomes calcium carbonate. It is virtually insoluble and can only be removed by expert which is a costly treatment. The calcium hydroxide can come from three main sourcescalcium hydroxide caused by the hydration of Portland cementfrom hydrated lime added to mortarfr om brickwork in contact with wet concrete2.2.16 Porosity on BrickPorosity is an important characteristic of bricks. In contrast to other moulded or pre-cast building materials, the porosity of bricks is attributed to its fine capillaries. By virtue of the capillary effect, the rate of wet transport in the brick is ten times faster than in other building materials. Moisture is released during day-time and re-absorbed during night-time. The cleverness to release and re-absorb moisture by capillary effect is one of the most useful properties of brick that helps to regulate the temperature and humidity of atmosphere in a building. This typical property makes bricks an admirable building material, particularly suitable for buildings in the tropics. On the other hand, all permeable materials are susceptible to chemical substance attacks and liable to contamination from weathering agents like fall, running water and polluted air.2.2.17 Crack in Brick Faces / FirecracksThe finished appe arance of clay brick can vary greatly this is because it is bloodsucking on clay and the manufacturing process. Some products contain cracks of varying degree (sometimes referred to as firecracks) as an inherent feature. Firecracks are usually visible on the product as delivered. However, firecracks can be masked by the texture and surface sands used in the manufacturing process which becomes visible aft(prenominal) the bricks are laid as a answer of natural weathering of exposed brickwork.2.2.18 moistness of the Brick WallMore or less permanent come apartness showing more clearly on the internal wall surface from ground level up to a height of about 750mm, but may be higher in severe cases or if the outer face is covered with a non-porous finish. The decorations may be damp, blistered or discoloured, or, if dry, may have been pushed gain the wall by a film or salts which will often be seen as a fluffy crystalline growth. The possible causes of dampness in the brick wall are overleap of DPC (damp proof course), by-passing of the DPC, and failure of the DPC material.2.2.19 Brick Growth and Expansion Gaps in BrickworkBricks undergo long-term permanent expansion over time. This expansion continues for the life of the brick, but the majority of the growth occurs early in its life. Most general purpose bricks have a coefficient of expansion in the range of 0.5-1.5mm/m (millimeters per meter) over fifteen years. Designers can use the values of the coefficient of expansion to accommodate for the growth of bricks by the size and lay of the control joints. The provision of control gaps or articulation joints between parts of the structure during construction will accommodate movements within the structure over time. Numerous sources of movement exist and includeThe change in size of building materials with temperature, tearing conditions and moisture contentThe differential change in size of building materials (for example, cement products shrink over time, w hilst clay bricks expand slowly over time)Foundation and footings movement abut movementFrame shorteningTemperature movementInternal horizontal and vertical movement2.3 Causes of the brickwork defects2.3.1 IntroductionBrickworks are used primarily in the construction of walls. To construct the brick wall required many skills, design, experience, selection of material, and technique. Lack of all expertise may cause the brickwork defects or failure of the building. The defects that occur in brickwork maybe the result of inherent faults, deficiencies in production, design, materials or workmanship, and attack by environmental agents.After the brickwork has been constructed, it maybe meets of various requirements, climate, loading, and occupational in use. It is not surprising that defects happened or occurs frequently.In this sub chapter, the causes of the brickwork defects will be list out. To find out the actual causes of the brickwork defects will be easily for the occupational to t ake the right remedies immediately and reduces the brickwork defects happen.2.3.2 Selection of bricksThe choice of bricks is often captivated by the price but the quality required must also be carefully considered in order to avoid defects build uping during the service life of the material. Therefore, the selection of suitable bricks for any particular purpose has often to be a tradeoff between appearance and durability requirements on the one hand, and cost on the other.This is not always possible to assess the quality of bricks by the colour, variant of colour of bricks of the same source and method of production can often be an indication of strength and durability variations.2.3.3 Storage of bricksBricks on site are rarely kept under adequate cover. Defects in the bricks resulting from the want of adequate protection on the site are rarely obvious before use. However, bad weather conditions can be detrimental to bricks in that saturation by rain can be amenable for two s ubsequent efflorescence and decoration defects.2.3.4 Soluble Salts in BricksUnder burnt bricks contain a high salt content. The salts come from the raw clay from which the bricks are made, or are formed in the burning process. Most clay bricks contain some soluble salts, but the types and amounts vary appreciably. The effect of the soluble salts on both efflorescence and the more serious problem of disintegration of bricks themselves are largely governed by the strength and pores structure of the bricks.2.3.5 Sulphate attackSulphates are salts which are naturally present in industrial waste, gypsum product, clay bricks, flue condensates and in some ground waters. In persistently damp conditions, sulphate will react slowly with tricalcium aluminate forming a increase called calcium sulphoaluminate. This reaction causes the cement mortar or render of the brickwork to sink and eventually disintegrate.2.3.6 Solar RadiationWhile drying out of smirch by trees is the most common reason for cracking in brickwork, some clay are also very susceptible to drying out by direct solar radiation. The northern facing wall is the most likely to be abnormal and stepped diagonal cracking is the most common symptom, usually occurring at the north east and north west corner of the building. (Loveder, 2000)2.3.7 Migration of moistureThe movement of moisture beneath a building can produce the phenomenon know as long term dome and saucer effect. The dome effect is a slow heaving of the soil caused by movement of moisture from the perimeter of the house to its centre, and the saucer effect is moisture moving in the opposite direction, from the centre towards the perimeter. The dome effect causes the walls to tilt outwards and the restraining influence of the roof produces horizontal cracks on the outside wall. These will be wider on the outside surface rather than the inner.2.3.8 Planting of treeSome of the brickwork defects may cause by big trees roots that plant nearby the buildi ng area. When planning to plant trees, the idea to be considering is the strength of the footings under the house. If lack of strength, the roots of the trees maybe grow into the ground under the building and cause the brick wall settlement and cracking.2.3.9 Uneven settlement of foundationsWhere a particular cogent load is placed on the foundation such as a large column, movement may occur as moisture is squeezed out of the soil or the soil readjusts itself. This consolidation will stop when the soil has finally compacted enough to support the load. Brick wall or masonry wall may crack which may result from movement during compaction.2.3.10 Excessive vibrationDamage caused by vibration from earth tremors, unfathomed traffic or mussiness driving is fairly rare, however if the vibration is great enough to very cause the foundation to move, brickwork cracking or defect can occur. The crack will show up irregularly if the sources of the vibration cannot be removed. (Loveder, 2000)2 .3.11 superfluous buildingBuilding an addition building onto a house or add more storey of houses can impose a load intensity on the soil different that which is there already and so cause differential settlement. Even if the loading intensities are similar, the difference in time between when the two settlements occurred can be enough to create the brick wall cracks.2.3.12 Approach of designDesign of brick wall is very important. The antecedent must have the knowledge about the brick experience in elect the types of brick to be used. The designer must be fully aware of the clients needs. Defects often occur because of a lack of understanding of the different types of bricks and the method of construct the brick wall.2.3.13 Lack experience of workerWorkers in the masonry construction is not in strict accordance with the construction and standards, masonry mortar is not full, especially in vertical mortar joints are not full, and even produce dense seam, seam permeability. In addit ion, the dry brick on the wall, mortar in the brick water was absorbed, causing low strength of mortar, brick and mortar separation, so that the overall roughness of masonry fell, gray mortar joints crack.2.3.14 OverloadingCracks of brickwork may result from overloading of the ground on which the building rests, or of the building itself or parts of it. Releasing the load does not necessary allow the masonry wall to revert to its original state since the overloading may have been partially accommodated by a permanent compaction of the bricks. The forces responsible for the overloading may be of external origin, such as excessive wind, or may be internal, such as those arising from the installation of excessively heavy equipment for which the masonry wall was not designed. A change of occupational may have same results.2.3.15 Lack of maintenanceMaintenance must be taken for all the building to minimize the cost of repair work for staidly defects happen. Lack of maintenance will mak e a belittled cracks or defects on brickwork change to more serious and serious.2.3.16 Improper soil synopsis and preparationWhen a builder chooses an area of land to build on, it is important to do some sort of soil analysis and preparation. The analysis will provide the developer and/or builder with enough information to choose the adequate soil preparation and construction strategy that should be used to develop the land. Improper soil analysis and preparations can be very damaging to a housing development. For example, a builder can discover that the land soil is made up of expansive soil. If this is the case, houses need to have a foundation that will be able to support the changing pressure and consistency of the soil. This is because expansive soil will swell when wet and thus shrink once it dries. If one builds on this type of soil and is not aware of it, there will inevitably be issues to handle. There will be crack in the brick wall or masonry wall. The repair of this i s very costly and very intrusive. Unfortunately, the reality is improper soil analysis and preparations happen all the time.2.3.17 Negligence of constructionNegligent construction is an unfortunately common occurrence. A builder has to be very careful when choosing a avower or subcontractor. A builder will sometimes use one contactor for various projects. A contractor may have skills to install home tiles but not the know how to build a brick wall. The responsibility can fall on several parties when there is a defect, and thats up to your attorney to determine.2.3.18 Movement of the groundMining subsidence, landslips, earthquakes, or moisture changes of shrinkable clay soil may cause the movement of the ground. The brick wall of the building will be crack because the wall of building has become apprized from the rest without any change in actual size of the materials. In theory, this is possible to reconnect the displace parts to bring the building back to its original condition but in practice this seldom can be done.2.3.19 Acid rainAcid rain is precipitation that is much more acidic than radiation diagram rainfall, and the acid rain is usually caused by pollution such as sulfur and nitrogen emissions. Several different mechanisms are operant in the deterioration of brick masonry through the action of acid rain. The bricks are susceptible to acid rain through the selective disintegration of their glassy phase. The mortar is affected mainly by the reaction of the calcareous components. The soluble salts resulting from these reactions, in solution with rain water or condensed moisture, will migrate through the porous matrix of the masonry. In the places where the water evaporates the salts will be deposited. Repeated dissolution and re-crystallization of these salts leads to the mechanical disruption of the masonry structure. Since the salts will concentrate in the more porous material, either the brick or the mortar will be more mischievously affected, depending on their relative porosity.2.3.20 EnvironmentTwo aspects of the environment have been considerably which is wind and temperature. This is because they cause loading to be applied to the structure. The strong wind may cause the brick wall or the whole building move, this may cause cracking to the part of the building. The high temperature applied to the brickwork may cause spalling and brick prolong to high temperature can lead to surface vitrification. (Swoden, 1990)2.4 Remedies method of the brickwork defects in building2.4.1 IntroductionAs known early, brickwork is one of the largest parts of most of the building. The strength, stability, and durability of brickwork are very important. If lack of all those factor, the brick wall or masonry wall maybe fall down or collapse suddenly.If the brickwork occurs any cracking or defects, the right method of remedies must be taken immediately. This is to ensure that the occupational or owner use the building under safety and healt hy purposes.Brickwork will deteriorate and decay if not properly maintained. Such deterioration can be caused by a number of factors and can take various forms. The main signs that brickwork is suffering are surface growth and staining, efflorescence, loosed brick becoming dislodged, crack appears throw the bricks or mortar and etc. So, the right remedy must be taken to ensure the brickwork do not decay and deteriorate. (Moses Jenkins, 2007)In this sub chapter, the remedies method for various types of defects will be list out. This is to avoid the brickwork defect getting serious in building in construction industry. The defects of brickwork must be repair immediately, if not the defects will be more serious. For example, cracking can be due to expansion or shrinkage the clay brickwork itself.2.4.2 Remedies of efflorescenceEfflorescence can be minimized by laying dry bricks and by swiftness up the drying process after the bricks have been laid by providing ingenuous ventilation. T he salts that cause efflorescence are soluble in water. Hosing with water will cause the salts to dissolve and be re-absorbed into the brickwork, and then reappear when the brick wall dries out again. Acid or alkaline treatments are not recommended as they increase the salt content of the wall. The best method is simply brush off the deposit with a stiff dry bristle brush after the wall has dried out. Then sponge the surface with a damp synthetic chamois or high suction sponge. Use very little water and rinse sponge frequently in newfangled water.2.4.3 Sand-Blasted BricksWhich have been cleaned of old paint, algae, or stains using high pressure sand blasting or possibly even very high pressure water blasting can be permanently damaged by loss of the harder surface of the bricks which had been provided by their original firing. Once the softer internal brick has been exposed, the bricks will be more inclined to absorb water and to suffer water and frost damage. Sandblasting brick is considered a poor practice in building regaining and maintenance.2.4.4 Remedies of sulphate attackThe effects of sulphate attack manifest themselves as expansion of the jointing mortar. On rendered walls the signs are horizontal cracking of the rendering with portions locomote off. Advanced stages of attack may make the structure unsafe. When rebuilding is necessary, the bricks use should be of low sulphate content and the mortar should be of a mixture of 116 sulphate-resistance Portland cement hydrated lime sand. In addition, care should be taken to exclude all conditions of dampness. On rendered walls, the rendering should be removed and the brickwork allowed to dry before reapplying a weaker mix of sulphate-resistance cement, lime and sand.2.4.5 Tackling DecayWhere decay has occurred, take action to rectify the damage will be necessary before this leads to greater problems. The use of chemical treatments to stabilize brick should only be considered with extreme caution. Whils t the defects may be in force(p) initially, there has been insufficient research carried out on the possible long term damage such treatments could have. Chemical sealants can trap moisture within the brick just as effectively as the claims to keep water out.2.4.6 CleaningCleaning soiled brick buildings should be undertaken carefully. In the past, the use of conflicting cleaning techniques has resulted in considerable damage being done. If considered essential small scale tests should be employed to assess the effectiveness and likely damage which could be caused before any large scale work is carried out. There are some guides when doing the cleaning works-Do not re-clean brickwork with the same chemicals unless recommended by the cleaning chemical manufacturer.If there is deterioration, or suspected deterioration, in the mortar joints, additional water and chemicals need